FUNGI (lesson seven) Flashcards
what is the most common organism on the earth but the least visible?
Fungi
where do you often find fungi?
They are often out of sight like underground or within other organisms
what are examples of fungi?
mushrooms, toadstools, and mold spores
what did fungi used to be classified as?
These used to be classified as plants
True or False
Fungi has a lot in common with the other kingdoms in Eukarya
false, have very little in common with the other kingdoms within Eukarya
Why are Fungi Important?
Fungi are essential in our ecosystems
why are fungi essential in our ecosystem?
They decompose matter and thus, are responsible for cycling the nutrients that are essential for the healthy growth of other organisms
what is Mycelium?
a branched network of fungal filaments/threads
what does Mycelium do?
Mycelium breaks down and absorbs the necessary raw materials needed for plant growth and development
what is symbiotic?
a biological relationship/interaction between two different organisms?
how are fungi useful?
- Fungi are used in the food industry
- fungi is in yeast, which is responsible for the rising of bread
- Fungi is also used in Medicine
- fungi are used in traditional Chinese medicine
- -Many used to develop antivirals, antibiotics and in cancer therapy
what is hyphae?
branching structure of fungi
Symbiotic Fungi: Mycorrhizae
- Symbiotic relationship of hyphae of certain fungi and roots of some plants
-The fungi portion has the ability to gain sugars and nutrients that the plants make during photosynthesis
-The plant portion has the ability to absorb certain nutrients from the soil like phosphorus
-Some plants cannot germinate (beginning to grow from seed) without these mycorrhizae
Symbiotic Fungi: Lichens
- Combination of green algae or cyanobacteria and a fungus growing symbiotically
- Photosynthetic cyanobacteria and a sac fungus
-Mycelium of fungus wraps around photosynthetic cells
- The fungus provides the algae with CO2, H2O, and support
- The algae provides the fungi with carbohydrates
- This is a mutually beneficial interaction (i.e. mutualism)
all fungi is not harmful for us
false Not all fungi are helpful to other organisms, Some fungi are responsible for diseases that can affect both plants and animals
examples of harmful fungi
ringworm, rot wood, corn smut, and pneumonia
what kingdom did fungi used to be classified with and why?
Fungi used to be classified with the plant kingdom because they share many characteristics
what are the shared characteristics between plants and fungi?
-Both are eukaryotic and have numerous organelles
-Both have a cell wall present
-Most are anchored in soil
-Both are stationary
-Both can reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
what are the differences between plants and fungi?
Plants
-Only 1 nucleus per cell
-Most are autotrophs
-Store ENERGY as starch
-Have roots
-Cell wall made up of cellulose
-Reproduce by seed
Fungi
-Can have many nuclei
-Are heterotrophs
-Few storage molecules
-No roots
-Cell wall made of chitin (a polysaccharide)
-Do not reproduce by seed
*Some fungi can be single-celled
Classification of fungi
- fungi have 5 phyla
- common ancestor is an aquatic protist
ignore (wont let me delete)
ignore
what are the 2 main reasons why fungi adapt?
- digestion
- Reproduction
Digestion
-Their digestion is extracellular (occurs outside the cell - fungi feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane)
- Once digestion has occurred, the nutrients are absorbed by mycelium, which is a mesh-like network of filaments called hyphae
-Mycelium often looks like the “fuzz” we associate with mold
-Instead of taking food inside their bodies, fungi grow next to or within their food source and then release digestive enzymes into their surroundings (then the fungi absorb the nutrients through cell membranes of the hyphae
Reproduction
- fungi possess haploid (n) nuclei (i.e. a single set of chromosomes)
- each spore contains a haploid nucleus (slide 17 lesson 7)
- these spores germinate and produce hyphae with single nuclei separated by septa
- when two hyphae come in contact with one another, two of their cells can fuse which forms a dikaryotic cell with two separate haploid nuclei
- this cell then grows into a large new mycelium made of cells with two haploid nuclei
- when the mycelium becomes large and matures it, may produce a mushroom cap
- on the underside of the cap, spore-producing structures called basidia, the two haploid nuclei fuse which forms a zygote
- the zygote undergoes meiosis which results in the production of four haploid spores
- the spores are then released in the environment
