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bio I > viruses, bacteria, archaea > Flashcards

viruses, bacteria, archaea Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Viruses are a biological __________.

A

enigma

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2
Q

Viruses have _______ characteristics of life but not all.

A

some

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3
Q

Chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by what in viruses?

A

a protein shell

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4
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Cells and cellular structures
  2. reproduction independently
  3. grows and develops
  4. utilizes energy to carry out the functions of its cells
  5. homeostasis
  6. respond to their environment
  7. evolve
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5
Q

Viruses do not fossilize and the history is difficult to study. What are two hypotheses about their origin?

A
  1. Arose from basic polymers same time as living cells
  2. Originated after living cells
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6
Q

Viruses are categorized by what 3 things?

A
  1. Shape and size
  2. Nucleic acid type
  3. Presence or absence of outer envelope
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7
Q

What are two things all viruses have?

A
  1. An outer capsid (made of protein)
  2. Nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
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8
Q

What kind of parasite cannot replicate outside of a living cell?

A

obligate intracellular parasite

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9
Q

What are three ways obligate intracellular parasites replicate?

A
  1. Injecting their DNA or RNA into the host cell
  2. Fusion of their envelope with the host cell’s plasma envelope
  3. By endocytosis: process by which substances are moved into the cell
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10
Q

What are animal viruses with RNA genome converted to DNA with host cell by enzyme called reverse transcriptase?

A

retroviruses

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11
Q

What is an infectious strand of RNA devoid of a capsid that much smaller than a virus?
(able to infect living organisms and cause diseases)

A

viroid

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12
Q

What is an infectious particle consisting of protein only & no nuclei acid?
(cause proteins to misfold in another organism)

A

prion

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13
Q

What are 5 characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  1. living cells
  2. lack membrane bound nucleus and organelles
  3. evolved early in history of life
  4. extremely diverse
  5. reproduce by binary fission
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14
Q

Most bacteria is ________.

A

aerobic (need oxygen to carry out cellular respiration)

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15
Q

What is bacteria that is able to grow in either presence or absence of gaseous oxygen?

A

facultative anaerobes

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16
Q

What are bacteria that are unable to grow in the presence of oxygen?

A

obligate anaerobes

17
Q

What are the two types of autotrophic bacteria?

A

photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

18
Q

What kind of autotrophic bacteria gains energy through photosynthesis?

A

photoautotrophs

19
Q

Process in autotrophic bacteria that does not produce oxygen/does produce oxygen.

A

anoxygenic photosynthesis/oxygenic photosynthesis

20
Q

What kind of autotrophic bacteria oxides organic compounds?

A

chemoautotrophs

21
Q

What kind of heterotrophic bacteria obtains carbon and energy in the form of organic nutrients produced by other living?

A

chemoheterotrophs

22
Q

In many ecosystems, chemoheterotrophs serve as what?

A

decomposers (break down organic matter from dead organism)

23
Q

What are 4 characteristics of archaea?

A
  1. Do not have peptidoglycan cell walls
  2. Plasma member has unusual lipids; function at high temperatures
  3. Diverse cell walls; facilitate their survival
  4. Harsh environments or moderate environments
24
Q

What kind of archaea
-can survive in high salt concentrations
-are aerobic chemoheterotrophs
-carry out unique photosynthesis if oxygen is scarce

A

halophiles

25
Q

What kind of archaea
-found in extremely hot, acidic environments
-chemoautotrophic anaerobes
-hydrogen has electron donor and sulfur compounds as terminal electron acceptors
- greater amount of protons (lower pH)

A

thermoacidophiles

26
Q

What kind of archaea
-obligate anaerobes
-methanogenesis: ability to form methane (CH4); type of metabolism performed only be some archaea
-Use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane
-contributes to greenhouse effect and climate change

A

methanogens

bio I (7 decks)

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