fungi

Question 1

Fungi are an ancient organism that were the first eukaryotes to _______________.

Answer 1

invade land

Question 2

The part of fungi that we see are called what?

Answer 2

the fruiting body

Question 3

Fungi have _________ properties and _________ control.

Answer 3

medicinal; biological

Question 4

_________ and fungi are more closely related than ___________.

Answer 4

Animals; plants

Question 5

What protist supergroup is fungi in?

Answer 5

Opisthokonta

Question 6

What are 4 characteristics of fungi?

Answer 6

1. Mostly multicellular
2. Heterotrophic by absorption
3. Consumers
4. Saprotrophs: Organisms that secrete digestive enzymes & absorb nutrients back across the plasma membrane

Question 7

What is the body multicellular structure that is a network of fungal filaments?

Answer 7

mycelium

Question 8

Long, branching fungal filaments are known as what?

Answer 8

hyphae

Question 9

What kind of hyphae contain porous cross walls that partition hyphae into individual cells?

Answer 9

septate hyphae

Question 10

What type of hyphae are multinucleated and not partitioned into cells?

Answer 10

aseptate hyphae

Question 11

What are the two stages of the sexual reproduction of fungi?

Answer 11

plasmogamy and karyogamy

Question 12

What is the first stage in sexual reproduction of fungi where hyphae of two parent cells fuse without the fusion of nuclei?

Answer 12

plasmogamy

Question 13

What is it called when having at least two haploid nuclei that stem from different parent cells?

Answer 13

heterokaryotic

Question 14

What is the second stage in sexual reproduction of fungi where two nuclei fuse and then undergo meiosis to produce spores?

Answer 14

karyogamy

Question 15

What is a reproductive cell that develops into a new organism without the need to fuse with another reproductive cell?

Answer 15

spore

Question 16

During asexual reproduction, what do fungi produce?

Answer 16

sporangiospores

Question 17

What is another form of asexual reproduction in fungi where a portion of mycelium will begin life on its own?

Answer 17

fragmentation

Question 18

What are the 7 classifications of fungi?

Answer 18

1. Blastocladiomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Neocallimastigomycota
4. Chytridiomycota
5. Glomeromycota
6. Basidiomycota
7. Ascomycota

Question 19

What fungi
-Terrestrial or aquatic environments
-Zoospores: asexual spore flagellum
-Some exhibit alternation-of-generations life cycle
-Decompose cellulose & other dead organic matter
-Many parasites of plants, invertebrates, & algae

Answer 19

Blastocladiomycota (Blastochad)

Question 20

What fungi
-Lack mitochondria
-Anaerobic
-Live exclusively in guts of ruminants & other herbivores

Answer 20

Neocallimastigomycota

Question 21

What fungi
-Simplest fungi
-Mostly single-celled; others branched aseptate hyphae
-Most reproduced asexually through zoospore
-Decay & digest dead organic matter; some parasites
fungi takes amphibians permeable layer of skin and thickens it

Answer 21

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

Question 22

What fungi
-Live off plant & animal remains
-Composed mostly aseptate hyphae; specialize to perform various tasks
-Gametangium: organ or cell in which gametes are produced
-Sporangium (pl., sporangia): structure that produces haploid spores during asexual reproduction
-Zygospore: thick-walled resting cell formed during sexual reproduction of zygospore fungi

Answer 22

Zygomycota

Question 23

What fungi
-Arbuscules are branching invaginations that fungus makes when it invades plant roots
-Mycorrhizae: mutualistic association of plants & fungi
-Critical role in ability of plants to absorb nutrients with their roots

Answer 23

Glomeromycota (AM Fungi)

Question 24

What fungi
-Sac fungi: fungi that spores in fingerlike sacs called asci within a fruiting body
-Morels, truffles, yeast, molds
-Conidiospores: spore produced by sac and club fungi during asexual reproduction
- Ascus: fingerlike sac in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, & ascospore production occur during sexual reproduction of sac fungi

Answer 24

Ascomycota

Question 25

What fungi
-Mushrooms, toadstools, puffball, shelf fungi, birds-nest, stinkhorns
-Mycelium composed of septate hyphae
-Basidiocarp: fruiting body of club fungi that contain basidium
-Basidium: clublike structure in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, & basidiospore production occurs
-Most saprotrophs; several parasitic

Answer 25

Basidiomycota (Club fungi)

Question 26

What are the deadly fungi that use the poison amanitin to cause abdominal pain, vomiting, delirium, and hallucinations through the inhibiting of RNA polymerase. (symptoms occur 10-12 hours later and cause victim to die of liver and kidney damage)

Answer 26

Death cap

Question 27

What 3 kinds of symbiotic relationships can fungi have?

Answer 27

Parasitic, mutualistic, commensal

Question 28

What organism poses a parasitic relationship of fungi through the possible controlled parasitism where fungi withdraw food from algae and algae do not benefit from association?

Answer 28

lichens

Question 29

What are 5 characteristics of lichens?

Answer 29

1. Efficient at acquiring nutrients & moisture
2. Can survive in areas of low moisture & low temperature
3. Can survive in areas with poor or no soil
4. They produce & improve the soil; making it suitable for plants
5. Lichens cannot survive where the air is polluted

Question 30

Why are human fungal infections so difficult to treat?

Answer 30

Human fungal infections are difficult to treat because fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells

Question 31

How does mycorrhizae (mutualistic relationships between soil fungi & roots of most plants) work between fungi and plants?

Answer 31

Fungi enter cortex of plant roots but not enter cytoplasm of plant cells
Plants:
Roots invaded by fungi grow more successfully in plant soil
Greater absorption surface for intake of minerals
Fungi:
Receive carbohydrates