vertebrates Flashcards
What group are deuterostomes with most having an internal skeleton to which muscles are attached?
chordates
Most chordates are ________, but not all.
vertebrates
What are 4 characteristics of chordates
- Notochord: cartilage-like supportive dorsal rod in all chordates at some point in their life; replaced by vertebrae in vertebrates
- Dorsal tubular nerve chord: tubular hollow cord dorsal to notochord
- Pharyngeal pouches: pockets that forms in lining of the pharynx
- Postanal tail: Posterior elongation of body which extends beyond the anus
What are the two groups of nonvertebrate chordates
- Cephalochordates: Small, fishlike invertebrate
- Urochordates: Group of aquatic invertebrates that consist of the tunicates (Sea squirts)
What are 4 additional characteristics of vertebrates along with those of chordates?
- Vertebral Column: spinal cord; consists of many vertebrae separated by intervertebral disks; replaces notochord
- Skull: skeleton of head forming a bony or cartilaginous case that encloses & protects brain & chief sense organs
- Endoskeleton: internal support structure of an animal composed of living tissue
- Internal Organization: organization of organs & systems within the body
What are any vertebrates with jaws?
gnathostomes
what is a four-limbed vertebrate
tetrapod
What are vertebrates that produce eggs surrounded by four membranes, one of which is the amnion?
amniotes
What vertebrate group
-Largest group of vertebrae
-Ectotherms
-Jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes
the fishes
What is an organism having a body temperature that varies according to the environment temperature?
ectotherm
What fish vertebrate
-Ectotherms
-Smooth, nonscaly skin
-Cartilaginous skeleton
-Persistent notochord
1. Hagfish: marine scavengers
2. Lamprey: filter-feeders; parasitic
jawless fishes
what fish vertebrate
1. Ectothermy
2. Gills: breathe with gills & have a single-looped closed circulatory system
3. Cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton: Verbal column, skull with jaws, paired pectoral & pelvic fins
4. Scales: skin covered by scales & therefore not exposed directly to environment
jawed fishes
what fish vertebrate
-Cartilaginous skeleton
-Lack gill cover -> gill slits
-Dermal denticles—tiny teethlike scales
-Sharks, rays and skates
cartilaginous fishes
what fish vertebrate
-Bony skeleton
-Covered gills
-Swim bladder: gas-filled sac into which they can secret or absorb gases, altering its pressure
bony fishes
what vertebrate group
1. Limbs: skeleton well-developed to promote locomotion
2. Smooth and nonscaly skin: water balance, respiration, & temperature balance
3. Lungs: if present small; supplemented by cutaneous respiration
4. Double-loop Circulatory Pathway: three-chambered heart that pumps blood to lungs and body
5. Sense Organs: special senses
6. Ectothermy: body temperature that varies according to environment temperature
7. Aquatic Reproduction: Deposits eggs & sperm into water for external fertilization
amphibians
what vertebrate group
1. Paired Limbs: two pairs of limbs
2. Skin: Thick, dry skin impermeable to water; prevents water-loss
3. Efficient Breathing: Lungs developed
4. Efficient Circulation: Three-chambered heart helps prevents mixing of blood
5. Efficient Excretion: Kidneys well-developed
6. Ectothermy: body temperature that varies according to environment temperature
7. Well-adapted Reproduction: Sexes separate, fertilization is internal to prevent drying out: amniotic egg
reptiles
What is an amniote with no opening in skull behind the eye socket (turtles)?
anapsid
What is an amniote with two openings in skull behind the eye socket (all other reptiles)?
diapsid
What is an amniote with a single opening in skull behind the eye socket (mammals)?
synapsid
What reptile vertebrate
1. Feathers: Modified reptilian scale with a complex structure
2. Modified skeleton
3. Modified respiration: lungs are connected to air sacs
4. Hard-shelled eggs
5. Endotherm: maintenance of constant body temperature is independent of their environment
6. Well-developed sense organs and nervous system
birds
what vertebrate group
1. Hair: provides insulation against heat loss; ornamental and sensory functions
2. Endothermic
3. Mammary Glands: females to nurse (feed) their young without having to leave them to collect food
4. Skeleton accommodates larger brain relative to body size
5. Internal organs efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
6. Internal development: most mammals’ young are born alive after a period of development within uterus; shelter young while they develop
mammals
what mammal vertebrate
-presence of a single urogenital opening (cloaca)
-Egg-laying mammals
-Nurse young
-Duckbill platypus and echidna
monotremes
what mammal vertebrate
-Pouched mammals
-Unique reproductive system:
-Two true uterus
-Up to three vaginal canals
-Kangaroos, koalas, Tasmanian devils, wombats, opossums
marsupials
what mammal vertebrate
-Dominate group of mammals on Earth
-Dependent on placenta
-Placenta: specialized organ for the exchange of substances between maternal blood and fetal blood
placental mammals
