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BDS1 BAMS molecules and cells > viruses and prions > Flashcards

viruses and prions Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the general properties of viruses?

A
  • small
  • genome RNA or DNA
  • metabolically inert (do not possess ribosomes/protein synthesis, some have enzymes)
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2
Q

what encases some viruses?

A

lipid membrane

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3
Q

what is the capsid and its function?

A
  • protein shell within virus molecule
  • protects nucleic acid and genome (DNA or RNA)
  • made up of capsomers (protein units)
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4
Q

what are the key stages of viral replication?

A
  • attachment
  • penetration
  • uncoating
  • synthesis of viral components
  • assembly
  • release
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5
Q

what are possibly effects of viruses on cells?

A
  • cell death- cytopathic effect
  • transformation- cell not killed however changed to cancerous cell
  • latent infection- remains in cell but no obvious effect on cell function
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6
Q

what is an example of cell death effect of virus on cell?

A

HSV I (herpes) and effect on mucosal epithelial cells

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7
Q

what is an example of transformation effect of virus on cell?

A

human papilloma virus and oral cancers

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8
Q

what is an example of latent infection effect of virus on cell?

A

HSV I (herpes) and recurrent herpes labialis

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9
Q

what are the methods of virus transmission?

A
  • inhalation via respiratory tract eg coronavirus
  • ingestion via GIT eg noravirus
  • inoculation eg hep B via skin abrasion etc.
  • congenital (mother to fetus) eg rubella
  • sexual transmission eg HIV
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10
Q

what virus commonly attacks the nervous system?

A

rabies

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11
Q

what virus commonly attacks the respiratory tract?

A

adenal virus

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12
Q

what virus commonly attacks the skin and mucous membranes?

A

herpies symplex

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13
Q

what virus commonly attacks the eye?

A

adenal virus

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14
Q

what virus commonly attacks the liver?

A

Hep. C

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15
Q

what virus commonly attacks the salivary glands?

A

mumps

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16
Q

what virus commonly attacks the GIT?

A

noravirus

17
Q

why should we use viral diagnostics?

A
  • diagnosis leads to treatment plan- stops use of antibiotics
  • anti-viral drug susceptibility
  • public health/IP&C reasons
  • epidemiology/surveillance
18
Q

how is a viral diagnosis made?

A

Clinical History & examination
Use a systems-based approach/surgical sieve
Make a provisional diagnosis
Plan special investigations

19
Q

what are different methods of specimen collection?

A
  • swabs
  • faeces
  • aspirates
  • plasma
  • CSF
  • vesicle fluids
  • urine
  • serum
20
Q

what type of virus is influenza?

A

RNA

21
Q

what are the two key surface proteins of influenza?

A

haemagglutinin- glycoproetin- sialic acid binding

neuroaminidase- glycoprotein- virion release

22
Q

what are antigenic shift and drift?

A

Influenza viruses undergo antigenic evolution through antigenic drift (minor change) and shift (major change) in their surface glycoproteins. This has forced frequent updates of vaccine antigens to ensure that the somewhat narrowly focused vaccine-induced immune responses defend against circulating strains.

23
Q

what is the chain of infection?

A
  • The infectious agent.
  • The reservoir
  • The portal of exit
  • The mode of transmission
  • The portal of entry
  • The susceptible host
24
Q

what is spongiform encephalopathies?

A

a progressive, fatal neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent called a prion. It is associated with the accumulation within the CNS of insoluble aggregates of a cell membrane protein called prion protein.

25
Q

describe the infectious agent of prion diseases

A
  • devoid of nucleic acid
  • prion diseases are infectious, genetic or sporadic
  • disease is due to the accumulation of abnormal form of a natural protein
  • conformational changes associated with a specific disease
26
Q

what are types of human CJD?

A

Sporadic CJD (sCJD)
Familial CJD (fCJD)
Iatrogenic CJD (iCJD)
- Surgical instruments
- Contaminated hormones/grafts
- Kuru
Variant CJD (vCJD)

BDS1 BAMS molecules and cells (20 decks)

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