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BDS1 BAMS molecules and cells > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the steps involved in a gram stain reaction

A
  • make film
  • flood with crystal violet (blue)
  • all cells will take up this dye^
  • flood with Lugoi’s iodine
  • all stains go blue-black
  • de-colourise with acetone
  • gram +ve retain dye, gram -ve are de-colourised
  • counterstain with a red dye
  • gram +ve appear blue-black, gram -ve appear red
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2
Q

are exotoxins gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

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3
Q

are endotoxins gram positive or negative?

A

gram-negative bacteria produce endotoxins

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Organism capable of invading the body and causing disease

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5
Q

What is a commensalism?

A

An organism which is part of the normal flora

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6
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability to cause disease

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7
Q

What is the lifecycle of a parasite?

A
  • parasite
  • enters/ attaches to host
  • multiplication in host
  • causes harm
  • release from host
  • transmission
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8
Q

What is colonisation?

A

Microbes find a new host and start to multiply (no harm done)

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9
Q

Exogenous vs endogenous infection

A

Endogenous is if the source of the microbe is the patients own flora

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10
Q

Parts of a prokaryotic cell

A
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11
Q

How do bacteria attach?

A

Pili

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12
Q

What’s an example of an encapsulated infection?

A

Meningitis (can be caused by streptococcus)

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13
Q

What is the function of the capsule in a bacteria cell?

A
  • protection from immune invasion
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14
Q

Exotoxin vs endotoxin

A
  • exotoxins are produced inside gram POSITIVE bacteria
  • endotoxins are produced on the outside of gram NEGATIVE bacteria
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15
Q

What is mycology?

A

Study of fungi

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16
Q

What organelles do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

A
  • cell membrane
  • DNA
  • ribosomes
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17
Q

What is an example of non-selective agar plate?

A

Blood agar

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18
Q

What is an example of a selective agar plate?

A

Mannitol salt agar

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19
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

With oxygen

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20
Q

What does capnophilic mean?

A

With carbon dioxide

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21
Q

What does facultative mean?

A

With and without oxygen

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22
Q

What does microaerophilic mean?

A

Require small amounts of oxygen

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23
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

Without oxygen

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24
Q

Gram stain reaction steps…

A
  • make a film
  • crystal violet and iodine (all cells dyed)
  • acetone (gram positive cells retain dye (blue/black) and gram negative are decolourised)
  • red dye (gram positive are blue black and gram negative are red)
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25
Q

What type of bacteria is lipopolysaccharide?

A

Gram negative endotoxin

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26
Q

What shape is cocci bacteria?

A

Round

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27
Q

What shape is bacilli bacteria?

A

Rod (rice)

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28
Q

What is an example of a gram positive cocci bacteria?

A

Streptococcus mutants
Staphylococcus aureus

29
Q

What does streptococcus mutants cause?

A

Gingivitis

30
Q

What an example of gram negative bacilli?

A

Prevotella intermedia

31
Q

What can stapholococcus aureus cause?

A

Angular chellitis

32
Q

What is an example of gram negative cocci bacteria?

A

Neissera meningitidis

33
Q

What is an example of gram positive bacilli?

A

Clostridium tetanii

34
Q

What does staphylos mean?

A

Grapes

35
Q

What causes MRSA?

A

Stapholococcus aureus

36
Q

What are common healthcare infections?

A

C. Dificile and MRSA

37
Q

What causes C. difficile?

A

Antibiotics

38
Q

What is infection ?

A

Invasion of the body by pathogenic microbes and the reaction of the tissues

39
Q

Chain of infection…

A
  • infectious agent
  • reservoir
  • portal of exit
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
40
Q

What is an infectious agent?

A

Microorganism which has the ability to cause disease

41
Q

What is the reservoir in the chain of infection?

A

Where the microorganisms can live and thrive eg a person or object

42
Q

What is the portal of exit in the chain of infection?

A

The way the microorganism leaves the reservoir eg sneezing

43
Q

What is the mode of transmission in the infection cycle?

A

How a microorganism is transmitted from one person to another eg via hands

44
Q

What is the portal of entry in the chain of infection?

A

How the infection enters another individual eg breathed in

45
Q

What is the susceptible host in the chain of infection ?

A

The person vulnerable to infection

46
Q

What does transient bacteria mean?

A

Bacteria not normally found in the body

47
Q

What is an example of commensal bacteria?

A

S epidermidis

48
Q

How would you take a sample of angular cheilitis?

A

Take a damp swab

49
Q

What does coagulate mean?

A

Clumping

50
Q

What are koch’s postulates germ theory of disease?

A
  • microbe must be present in every case of the disease
  • microbe must be isolated from the diseased host and growth in pure culture
  • disease must be reproduced
  • microbe must be recovered from an experimentally infected host
51
Q

Describe the structure of a virus…

A

Lipid membrane (sometimes)
Protein capsule
DNA/RNA

52
Q

What are the stages of viral replication?

A
  • attachment
  • penetration
  • uncoating
  • synthesis
  • assembly
  • release
53
Q

What type of virus are influenza viruses?

A

RNA viruses

54
Q

What should be used to treat patients with a transmittable disease?

A

Treat every patient the same- SICPs, standard infection control procedures

55
Q

What organelles do prions lack?

A

DNA/RNA

56
Q

When is the transmission of respiratory viruses more common?

A
  • closed setting
  • close contact
  • crowding
57
Q

What causes candidiasis?

A

Candida albicans (fungi)

58
Q

What are the ways to control the hazards in the environment?

A
  • elimination
  • substitution
  • engineering controls
  • administrative controls
  • PPE
59
Q

What are the stages in biofilm development?

A
  • adhesion
  • colonisation
  • accumulation
  • complex community
  • dispersal
60
Q

What are the benefits of bacteria being in a biofilm?

A
  • protective environment
  • coordinated cellular events
  • labour division
  • less energy used
  • survival in numbers
61
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Matrix enclosed bacterial or fungal populations adherent to each other and/or to surfaces/interfaces

62
Q

Where does stapolococcus commonly live?

A

Nose

63
Q

What are the three factors involved in biofilm development?

A
  • microorganism
  • conditioning film
  • surface
64
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A
  • surrounds the bacteria cell membrane
  • extra cellular matrix
  • maintains a hydrated environment
  • protective barrier
65
Q

What is dental plaque?

A

A diverse microbial community (mainly bacteria) found on the tooth surface embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial/salivary origin

66
Q

What is the main aetiologies agent associated with caries and periodontal diseases?

A

Dental plaque

67
Q

What is an example of an endodontic infection?

A

Root canal

68
Q

What is an example of a biofilm in the oral cavity?

A

Plaque

69
Q

What are the stages in caries progression?

A
  • adhesion
  • survival and growth
  • biofilm formation
  • complex plaque
  • acid
  • caries

BDS1 BAMS molecules and cells (20 decks)

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