introduction to cells Flashcards
what is the order of building blocks in the body?
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
what do all cell types possess?
cell membrane
DNA
cytoplasm
ribosomes
what are the two categories within living organisms is the taxonomic kingdoms of life?
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
what are the categories within prokaryotes?
archaobacteria and eubacteria
what are the categotries within eukaryotes?
unicellular and multicellular
what are the properties of prokaryotic cells?
- small
- simple internal structure
- no internal-membrane bound organelles
- includes bacteria
- no nucleus
what are the properties of eukaryotic cells?
- larger
- complex
- in animals and plants
- have a nucleus
what is the function of the plasma membrane?
- A semi-permeable barrier between cytoplasm and external environment
- Retains most organically produced chemicals inside the cell
- Allows a few molecules across: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport
- Communication: receptors on cell surface
describe the structure of the plasma membrane
lipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model
- hydrophilic head of phospholipid
- hydrophobic tail of phospholipid
- cholesterol embedded- provides integrity
- proteins- allow molecules in and out the cell
what are some common pathologies of the cell membrane?
- haemoglobinopathies
eg sickle cell aneamia and thalassemia
what is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?
mostly in the nucleus
where is RNA formed?
the nucleus, at the nucleolus
what is the function of ribosomes?
facilitate protein translation
what is a rare ribosome pathology?
treacher collins syndrome- abnormal craniofacial development
what is the ER and its function?
endoplasmic reticulum
- mesh of interconnected membranes
- involved in protein synthesis and transport
what is the function of the RER?
protein modification and production
what is the predominant function of the SER?
manufacture of lipids
what does ER dysfunction result in?
neurodegenerative diseases as a result of defective protein folding
- associated with ageing
how do proteins move from the ER to the Golgi appuratus?
transport vesicles
what is the function of the golgi apparatus?
- post-translational modifications
- storing proteins
- packages proteins
what are diseases related to the golgi?
Impaired trafficking of proteins through Golgi
- Defect in trafficking of protein important in making myelin (insulates nerve fibres and promotes signalling) causes hypomyelinating disorders (e.g. cataract)
Impairments in post-translational modification capacity
- Defective glycosylation disorders (glycoprotein and glycolipids)
- Wide spectrum of pathologies that effect multiple organs
Functionality lost due to mutations in proteins that make up Golgi
- Muscular dystrophy
what is the function of vacuoles?
storage
what is the function of vesicles?
transport
what are lysosomes and their functions?
- Large vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of destroying the cell
- Lysosome contents function in the breakdown of extracellular materials
what is the function of mitochondria?
- contain DNA
- energy release
what is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Maintains shape of cell
Anchors organelles
Moves cell
Controls internal movement of organelles
