Viruses and Bacteria (Mid 2) Flashcards
T2 and its close relative T4 are well-known viruses that infect E. coli bacteria. Using nothing more than that information, how would you categorize these viruses?
a
prions
b
plasmids
c
retroviruses
d
bacteriophages
e
transposons
d
bacteriophages
Which statement is true about viruses?
a
Viruses make proteins using viral ribosomes
b
They always contain DNA
c
Viruses maintain their own metabolic processes
d
Viruses possess a self-produced plasma membrane
e
As much as 8% of human DNA appears to have come from viruses that infected our ancestors
e
As much as 8% of human DNA appears to have come from viruses that infected our ancestors
The reason why certain viruses can only infect specific organisms and even specific cell types in multicellular organisms has to do with:
a
what kind of nucleic acid (DNA vs RNA) that virus uses
b
whether or not that virus has its own ribosomes
c
Proteins/carbohydrates on a cell’s surface and specific proteins on the outside of the virus
d
the kinds of organelles possessed by that virus
e
All of the above explain why certain viruses can only infect specific organisms and specific cell types
c
Proteins/carbohydrates on a cell’s surface and specific proteins on the outside of the virus
Which of the following is true concerning bacteria? (Select all that apply)
a
Not all bacteria are pathogenic; many are actually beneficial to us
b
Some bacteria can exchange small pieces of DNA called plasmids
c
Bacterial cells have many similarities to our cells, including organelles, like mitochondria and lysosomes
d
Bacteria reproduce asexually
e
All of the above are true
a
Not all bacteria are pathogenic; many are actually beneficial to us
b
Some bacteria can exchange small pieces of DNA called plasmids
d
Bacteria reproduce asexually
You have been feeling ill lately and go to the doctor. Depending on the prognosis, for which of the following would an antibiotic be likely to work on? That is, for which of the following should you ask for antibiotics? (Choose all that apply)
a
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob (a prion)
b
Flu (a virus)
c
Tuberculosis (a bacterium)
d
Malaria (a protist)
e
Yeast infection (a fungus)
c
Tuberculosis (a bacterium)
Protist and fungal infections (that is, infections by other eukrayotes) are generally more difficult to treat than are bacterial infections because:
a
Though protists/fungi would be affected by antibiotics if they were able to get into their cells, protist/fungal cells have pumps that keep antibiotics from staying inside their cells
b
Protists/fungi all have an impenetrable cell wall that makes it hard to get medicine into the cells
c
Protist/fungal cells are much more similar to our cells than bacterial cells are. Therefore, there are fewer things that a medicine could target that would not also affect our cells
d
Protist/fungal infections tend to progress much more rapidly than bacterial infections, making it hard to treat protist/fungal infections in time to have an effect
e
None of the above are true of protist/fungal pathogens
c
Protist/fungal cells are much more similar to our cells than bacterial cells are. Therefore, there are fewer things that a medicine could target that would not also affect our cells
Viral infections are hard to treat because:
a
viruses are too complex for us to understand how they work. Only once we understand these complex pathogens can we effectively treat them
b
viruses use their host cell’s metabolic machinery, so most potential medicines that would affect the replication of viruses would also affect our cells
c
viral lysosomes are very effective at degrading medicines and toxins before they affect the viral cells
d
None of the above are true, but there is a different reason that viruses are hard to treat
e
None of the above are true and viruses are actually easier to treat than bacteria and other pathogens
b
viruses use their host cell’s metabolic machinery, so most potential medicines that would affect the replication of viruses would also affect our cells
