Organismal Development (Final) Flashcards
All cells contain the same genetic information. Why can’t cells other than stem cells differentiate into various tissues and be used therapeutically?
a
As cells develop, their genetic makeup changes
b
As cells develop, some genes are made inaccessible to gene expression
c
Stem cells are the only cells that do not have an X or Y chromosome and can therefore go into either a male or female
d
Stem cells are the only cells that don’t undergo X inactivation
b
As cells develop, some genes are made inaccessible to gene expression
If an animal cell is transplanted to another portion of the developing embryo and it maintains its initial cell type, it is said to be:
a
a myoblast
b
determined
c
a stem cell
d
inherited
e
a morphogen
b
determined
Immune cells are overproduced during development and then some of these cells disappear (particularly immune cells that might otherwise attack the individual’s own cells instead of attacking invading cells). Which of the following developmental processes is most likely responsible for the disappearance of these immune cells during development?
a
cell differentiation
b
cell division
c
Hox genes
d
apoptosis
e
morphogens
d
apoptosis
A skin cell duplicates its DNA and then divides. Will the daughter cells have a similar pattern of epigenetic tags as the original cell?
a
Yes, all epigenetic tags are always preserved during DNA duplication
b
There are some exceptions, but the DNA will likely have many of the same epigenetic tags as the original cell
c
No, all epigenetic tags are reset between every DNA duplication
d
No, not unless this cell is in an early embryo
b
There are some exceptions, but the DNA will likely have many of the same epigenetic tags as the original cell
What is one way that gene expression regulation in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is similar?
a
In both types of cells, alternative splicing of mRNAs can result in the production of slightly different proteins from a single gene.
b
In both types of cell, the primary mechanism to regulate gene expression is at the level of transcriptional regulation.
c
In both kinds of cells, genes are organized into operons that encode multiple proteins that regulate a common process.
d
In both types of cells, microRNAs (miRNAS) can regulate which mRNAs are translated into protein.
e
None of the above are similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
b
In both types of cell, the primary mechanism to regulate gene expression is at the level of transcriptional regulation.
Certain vitamins provide the precursors to methyl groups used in some epigenetic tags. Infants whose mothers were malnourished during pregnancy (and thus did not get enough of these vitamins during pregnancy) have altered epigenetic profiles in comparison to infants whose mothers were healthy. If the effect of malnourishment in mothers is to decrease the amount of methylation in the genomes of their infants, which of the following will you likely see in the infants of malnourished mothers?
a
decreased DNA condensation
b
increased DNA condensation
c
no effect on DNA condensation
a
decreased DNA condensation
Adult stem cells have
epigenetic tags that limit them to only being able to become a small subset of cell types
Embryonic stem cells have
not yet specialized so they can become many cell types
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are
Some normal body cells are “reprogrammed” allowing these cells to differentiate into any cell type
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a
Process used to make stem cells for therapeutic cloning
