Cell Signalling (Mid 2) Flashcards
Based on the lipid solubility of steroid and nonsteroid hormones, where do you think the receptors for each are? (pick the two that apply)
Multiple answers:
Multiple answers are accepted for this question
a
Because steroid hormones can easily diffuse across membranes the receptors are likely to be inside the cell
b
Because nonsteroid hormones can easily diffuse across membranes the receptors are likely to be inside the cell
c
Because steroid hormones cannot easily diffuse across membranes the receptors are likely to be on the surface of the cell
d
Because nonsteroid hormones cannot easily diffuse across membranes the receptors are likely to be on the surface of the cell
a
Because steroid hormones can easily diffuse across membranes the receptors are likely to be inside the cell
d
Because nonsteroid hormones cannot easily diffuse across membranes the receptors are likely to be on the surface of the cell
Which, out of the following, will a steroid hormone do to a target cell? Say that you are thinking about what testosterone would do to a sperm-producing cell in the testes (pick any/all that apply)
Multiple answers:
Multiple answers are accepted for this question
a
Get to the cell
b
Enter the cell
c
Bind to intracellular receptor
d
Activate genes
e
Stimulate production of proteins
f
Resulting protein will change cellular activity
g
None of the above
a
Get to the cell
b
Enter the cell
c
Bind to intracellular receptor
d
Activate genes
e
Stimulate production of proteins
f
Resulting protein will change cellular activity
Which, out of the following, will a steroid hormone do to a non-target cell? Say that you are thinking about what testosterone would do to a neuron in your eye (pick any/all that apply)
Multiple answers:
Multiple answers are accepted for this question
a
Get to the cell
b
Enter the cell
c
Bind to intracellular receptor
d
Activate genes
e
Stimulate production of proteins
f
Resulting protein will change cellular activity
g
None of the above
a
Get to the cell
b
Enter the cell
Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because they:
a
always lead to the same cellular response
b
counter the harmful effects of phosphatases
c
can amplify the original signal many times
d
use a small and fixed number of molecules
e
are species specific
c
can amplify the original signal many times
Different body cells can respond differently to the same nonsteroid hormones because:
a
the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets
b
a target cell’s response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways
c
different target cells have different sets of genes
d
the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system
e
each cell converts that hormone to a different metabolite
b
a target cell’s response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways
Aldosterone is a hormone that is similar in structure to cholesterol. One of its effects is to increase the production of sodium channel proteins. This is the definition of which of the following:
a: steroid hormone
b: nonsteroid hormone
c: signal transduction
d: second messenger
e: protein kinase
f: phosphatase
g: target cell
steroid hormone
Antidiuretic hormone consists of 9 amino acids. Its receptors are on the outside of its target cells. This is the definition of which of the following:
a: steroid hormone
b: nonsteroid hormone
c: signal transduction
d: second messenger
e: protein kinase
f: phosphatase
g: target cell
nonsteroid hormone
An extracellular receptor binding leads to the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm. This is the definition of which of the following:
a: steroid hormone
b: nonsteroid hormone
c: signal transduction
d: second messenger
e: protein kinase
f: phosphatase
g: target cell
signal transduction
cAMP is a common component of many signal transduction cascades. It is generally activated by receptors in the plasma membrane and in turn often activates protein kinases. This is the definition of which of the following:
a: steroid hormone
b: nonsteroid hormone
c: signal transduction
d: second messenger
e: protein kinase
f: phosphatase
g: target cell
second messenger
JAK is an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to STAT proteins in order to activate them. This is the definition of which of the following:
a: steroid hormone
b: nonsteroid hormone
c: signal transduction
d: second messenger
e: protein kinase
f: phosphatase
g: target cell
protein kinase
PTPN1 is an important enzyme in blood sugar regulation. It stops the phosphorylation cascade that was initiated by insulin. To stop the phosphorylation cascade it takes phosphate groups off of key enzymes that were activated. This is the definition of which of the following:
a: steroid hormone
b: nonsteroid hormone
c: signal transduction
d: second messenger
e: protein kinase
f: phosphatase
g: target cell
phosphatase
Cells in your heart that have receptors for adrenaline/epinephrine. Because of this these cells will react to adrenaline when it is present in your bloodstream. This is the definition of which of the following:
a: steroid hormone
b: nonsteroid hormone
c: signal transduction
d: second messenger
e: protein kinase
f: phosphatase
g: target cell
target cell
