Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define virome.

A

sum of viral populations in an ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the virus to bacteria ratio for marine life?

A

1:100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the virus to bacteria ratio for aquatic life?

A

1:1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Viruses are critical in (blank) and (blank).

A

carbon balance, recycling of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are viruses?

A

obligate pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define “host range.”

A

a particular group of host species that the virus infects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define viron.

A

a bag of genomic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the 4 things virons do.

A

1) must infect host cell
2) undermine the cell’s machinery and direct it to produce viruses
3) consists of nucleic acid contained with a protective capsid
4) codes for 10-1000 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define giant viruses.

A

genomes of double-stranded DNA with 500-2500 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do miniviruses do?

A

infect amoeba’s, can actually become infected by smaller viruses called virophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define viroid.

A

extremely simple RNA viruses that infect plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the components of a viroid?

A

naked RNA, no capsid, replicated by host RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are viroids transmitted?

A

a) sap feeding insects
b) damaged tissues
c) infected seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are prions?

A

shape-changing proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are prions problematic?

A

they are disease causing infectious proteins that have abnormal conformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are prions so dangerous?

A

they are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, etc, they are also pathogenic and transmissible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do multiple prion proteins do?

A

aggregate and cause holes in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 types of capsid forms?

A

asymmetrical and symmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give an example of a symmetrical virus.

A

iscoahedal virus (herpes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What shape is herpes?

A

polyhedral with 20 triangular faces which is a structure that exhibits rotational symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is the capsid of herpes viruses packaged?

A

packaged with viral DNA, some have envelopes surrounding the capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give an example of a filamentous virus?

A

ebola virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe a filamentous virus.

A

capsid consists of a long tube of monomers with genome coiled inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define asymmetrical viruses.

A

have large genomes surrounded by several layer and the core envelope is studded with spike proteins

25
Q

What do asymmetrical viruses contain?

A

a large number of accessory that are required immediately upon infection of host cell

26
Q

What can be DNA or RNA but not both?

A

viral genomes

27
Q

Describe dsDNA and ssDNA.

A

sense and antisense DNA, can be linear, circular or segmented

28
Q

What is the classification of viruses based on?

A

1) genetic material

2) morphological characteristics

29
Q

What is the Baltimore classification?

A

it’s how mRNA is produced

30
Q

What do retoviruses do?

A

integrate their genomes into the host genome

31
Q

List some features about retroviruses.

A

they have +ssRNA, they are RNA reverse transcribing viruses that package their own RT enzyme

32
Q

What does the RT enzyme do?

A

transcribed +ssRNA to -ssDNA,

33
Q

How is +ssDNA transcribed?

A

using the host DNA polymerase

34
Q

What ends with viridae?

A

family name

35
Q

What ends with virus?

A

genus name

36
Q

How do you grow bacteriophages?

A

lytic bacteriophages from plaques

37
Q

How do you grow viruses?

A

culturing viruses require growth in susceptible/appropriate host cells

38
Q

in living animals?

A

ensures virus strain maintains its original virulence

39
Q

In embryonic cells?

A

carefully inject virus into developing embryo

40
Q

In a tissue culture?

A

batch culture, liquid or in transformed/adapted animal cells

41
Q

To commence an infection cycle (black) need to contract and attach to the surface of an appropriate (blank).

A

bacteriophages, bacterial host cell

42
Q

Cell-surface receptors.

A

mediate the contact and attachment

43
Q

(blank) have (blank) on their capsids that recognize specific proteins or polysaccharides on their bacterial surface.

A

phages, proteins/glycolipids

44
Q

What determines the phage tropism?

A

receptors

45
Q

What cell-surface receptors?

A

proteins with important functions for the host cell that have been co-opted by the virus

46
Q

How does resistance to phage bacteria occur?

A

mutating of the amino acid sequences of its surface receptors

47
Q

Attachment: (Stage 1 of bacteriophage lytic cycle)

A

to a bacterial cell surface receptor

48
Q

Penetration: (Stage 2 of bacteriophage lytic cycle)

A

of genetic material through cell wall

49
Q

Uncoating: (Stage 3 of bacteriophage lytic cycle)

A

DNA drawn into the cell

50
Q

Biosynthesis: (Stage 4 of bacteriophage lytic cycle)

A

temporal regulation of transcription

51
Q

Assembly: (Stage 5 of bacteriophage lytic cycle)

A

of viron proteins and genomes

52
Q

Release: (Stage 6 of bacteriophage lytic cycle)

A

+/- lysis of cell membrane

53
Q

Maturation: (Stage 7 of bacteriophage lytic cycle)

A

final activation of viron proteins

54
Q

List the forms of bacteria and anti-phage defenses.

A

1) genetic resistance (altered phage receptor proteins)
2) restriction endonucleases (cleave viral DNA lacking methylation)
3) CRISPR integration of phage DNA sequences

55
Q

C-R-I-S-P-R

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

56
Q

What is CRISPR?

A

its a bacterial immune system that cleaves bacterial DNA

57
Q

What causes many human cancers?

A

oncogenic viruses

58
Q

What are some examples of oncogenic viruses?

A

epstein-barr virus and hepatitis C

59
Q

How to oncogenic viruses work?

A

they transform the host cell to become cancerous because the transformed cell undergoes division

Microbiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions