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Microbiology Exam One > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a virus?

A

Minuscule, acellular infectious agent having either DNA or RNA

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2
Q

What is the cause of most of the diseases that plague the industrialized world?

A

Viruses

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3
Q

When the virus exists in an extracellular state, what is it called?

A

Virion

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4
Q

What is the name of the virus’s protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid core?

A

Capsid

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5
Q

The capsid together with the nucleic acid core is called what?

A

Nucleocapsid

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6
Q

What is the outer structure of the virus that encloses the nucleocapsids of some other viruses?

A

Phospholipid envelope

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the phospholipid envelope of viruses?

A

Provide protection for viral nucleic acid and means of attachment to host cells

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8
Q

Once in the intracellular state, what happens to the virus structure?

A

Uncoating occurs and the capsid is removed leaving the virus to exist simply as nucleic acid

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9
Q

What kind of virus only infects a particular kind of cell in a particular host? (Ex. = HIV infecting helper T cells)

A

Specific

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10
Q

What kind of virus can infect many kinds of cells in many different hosts?

A

Generalists

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11
Q

What types of organisms are susceptible to some sort of viral attack?

A

ALL types (even other viruses!)

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12
Q

What virus is a classic example of a “bullet-shaped” virus?

A

Rabies

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13
Q

What is the most common viral shape?

A

Icosahedron (20 sided dome)

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14
Q

What is the shape of a polyhedral virus?

A

Geodesic dome

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15
Q

What is the shape of a helical virus?

A

Spiral

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16
Q

What is the shape of a complex virus?

A

Capsids of many shapes

17
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that attacks bacteria

18
Q

How is the viral envelope of a virus obtained?

A

Acquired from host cell during viral replication or release

19
Q

What are the viral glycoproteins that project on the viral envelope called?

A

Spikes

20
Q

What is the purpose of the viral envelope?

A

Provides protection, plays role in host recognition, and helps viruses enter host cells

21
Q

What is lytic replication?

A

Replication cycle usually resulting in death and lysis of host cell

22
Q

What is lysogeny?

A

Modified replication cycle where infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse

23
Q

What are the inactive phages called during lysogeny?

A

Prophages

24
Q

What is lysogenic conversion?

A

When phages carry genes that alter the phenotype of a bacterium that can change it from being harmless to a pathogen

25
Q

Why is viral replication different in animal cells?

A

Presence of envelope, eukaryotic nature of cells, and lack of cell wall

26
Q

Replication of animal viruses is guided by what?

A

Chemical attraction

27
Q

What are the attachment molecules that mediate attachment for animal viruses?

A

Glycoprotein spikes

28
Q

What are the three mechanisms of entry of animal viruses?

A

Direct penetration, membrane fusion, and endocytosis

29
Q

What are latent viruses or proviruses?

A

Animal viruses that remain dormant in host cells

30
Q

What is the inexpensive way to culture viruses in the laboratory?

A

In embryonated chicken eggs

31
Q

What is a prion?

A

Proteinaceous infectious agent that lacks nucleic acid

32
Q

Where is cellular PrP protein found, and what does it look like?

A

Made by all mammals and is a normal structure with alpha-helices

33
Q

What is a prion PrP?

A

Disease-causing form with beta-sheets

34
Q

How can prions be destroyed?

A

Incineration or autoclaving in sodium hydroxide

35
Q

What does prion PrP do to cellular PrP?

A

Converts it into prion PrP by inducing conformational change

36
Q

In what body system is prion expression most predominant?

A

Nervous system (possible elsewhere, however)

37
Q

What are prion diseases in the nervous system?

A

Formation of large vacuoles in the brain that are characteristically spongy in appearance

38
Q

What are examples of spongiform encephalopathies?

A

BSE, vCJD, Kuru

39
Q

Prions composed of different proteins may lie behind what other muscular and neuronal degenerative diseases?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and ALS

Microbiology Exam One (9 decks)

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