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Microbiology Exam One > Infection, Infectious Diseases, And Epidemiology > Flashcards

Infection, Infectious Diseases, And Epidemiology Flashcards

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0
Q

What type of microbiota in the body remain their for a person’s entire life?

A

Resident microbiota

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1
Q

What are the normal microorganisms found in our body that do not cause disease called?

A

Normal flora or indigenous microbiota

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2
Q

What type of microbiota remain in the body for a limited amount of time before disappearing?

A

Transient microbiota

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3
Q

What locations in the body are axenic?

A

Alveoli of lungs, CNS, circulatory system, upper urogenital regions, uterus

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4
Q

What does axenic mean?

A

Sites that are free of any microbes that are never colonized by flora

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5
Q

When does acquisition of normal microbiota occur?

A

Shortly after birth

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6
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Normal microbiota that can cause disease under certain circumstances

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7
Q

What are the certain circumstances that could trigger normal microbiota to cause disease?

A

Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in the body, immune suppression, changes in the normal microbiota

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8
Q

What are the three types of potential reservoirs of infection for pathogens to live for protection?

A

Animal, human carriers, nonliving reservoirs

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9
Q

What is a reservoir of infection?

A

A location where a pathogen is likely to be found to live before they infect a new host

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10
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans

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11
Q

How can we acquire zoonoses?

A

Direct contact with animal or its waste, eating animals, bloodsucking arthropods

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12
Q

Who is usually considered to be a “dead-end host” and why?

A

Humans are more likely to get diseases from animals and the reverse is very unlikely

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13
Q

What is the reservoir for malaria?

A

Monkeys

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14
Q

What is the reservoir for toxoplasmosis?

A

Cat

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15
Q

What is the reservoir for anthrax?

A

Livestock

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16
Q

What is the reservoir for the bubonic plague?

A

Rodents

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17
Q

What is the reservoir for Lyme disease?

A

Deer

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18
Q

What is the reservoir for rabies?

A

Multiple but #1 involved with humans is bats

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19
Q

What is the reservoir for yellow fever?

A

Monkeys

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20
Q

What strategy is used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease?

A

Isolation

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21
Q

What strategy is used to separate and restrict well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease?

A

Quarantine

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22
Q

How do microbes usually get to locations of nonliving reservoirs?

A

Contamination by feces or urine

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23
Q

Soil, food, and water are examples of what kind of reservoir?

A

Nonliving

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24
Q

What is contamination?

A

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body

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25
Q

What is actual infection?

A

When an organism becomes established in the body that may or may not result in disease

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26
Q

What are the three main pathways used by pathogens to enter the body?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, placenta

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27
Q

What is the term for a route that isn’t technically a portal of entry but a way to circumvent the usual portals of entry?

A

Parenteral route

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28
Q

What are the portal entries of the skin?

A

1 openings or cuts
2 hair follicles or sweat glands
3 things that can actually burrow their way into the skin

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29
Q

What must a pathogen be able to withstand when using the GI tract as route of entry?

A

Must survive the acidic pH of the stomach

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30
Q

What is the most common route of entry for pathogens?

A

Respiratory tract (nose, mouth, and eyes)

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31
Q

How may pathogens infect a fetus?

A

By crossing the placenta

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32
Q

What type of protozoan can cross the placenta?

A

Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis in humans)

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33
Q

What types of bacteria are known to be able to cross the placenta to harm the fetus?

A

Treponema pallidum (syphilis in humans) and listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis in humans)

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34
Q

What DNA viruses are known to be able to cross the placenta to harm a fetus?

A

Cytomegalovirus (asymptomatic in adults), parvovirus B19 (erythema infectiosum)

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35
Q

What RNA viruses are known to cross the placenta to harm a fetus?

A

Lentivirus (HIV AIDS) and rubivirus (German measles)

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36
Q

What is the difference between infection and disease?

A

Disease is technically the result of the infection if it alters normal body functions (also known as morbidity)

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37
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Ability of a microorganism to CAUSE a disease

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38
Q

What is virulence?

A

Degree of pathogenicity and how easy it is for the organism to cause disease

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39
Q

What is antigenicity?

A

The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses

40
Q

Do pathogenicity and virulence refer to the severity of the disease?

A

No (example: you can be extremely virulent but only cause a minor condition)

41
Q

Which is subjective: signs of symptoms?

A

Symptoms

42
Q

Which is objective: signs or symptoms?

A

Signs

43
Q

What is a group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition?

A

Syndrome

44
Q

What are subjective characteristics of disease felt by only the patient?

A

Symptoms

45
Q

What are objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others?

A

Signs

46
Q

Definition of -emia

A

Pertaining to blood

47
Q

Definition of -gen or gen-

A

Give rise to

48
Q

Definition of idio-

A

Unknown

49
Q

Definition of septi-

A

Rotting (refers to presence of pathogens)

50
Q

Definition of -osis

A

Condition of

51
Q

Definition of terato-

A

Defects

52
Q

Definition of tox-

A

Poison

53
Q

What is necessary for infectious agents to establish colonies after entering the body?

A

They must adhere to cells

54
Q

What are extracellular enzymes?

A

Those secreted by the pathogen

55
Q

What is the function of extracellular enzymes?

A

Helps pathogen maintain, invade, and avoid the body’s defenses

56
Q

Cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins are examples of what kind of toxins?

A

Exotoxins

57
Q

Lipid A is an example of what kind of toxin?

A

Endotoxin

58
Q

What is the function of toxins of infectious agents?

A

Harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage

59
Q

What is the function of leukocidins?

A

Prevents the white blood cells from being able to digest the infectious agent and can even destroy them

60
Q

What are the stages of infectious disease in order?

A

Incubation period, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

61
Q

When is the incubation period of infectious disease?

A

Between infection and first symptoms or signs

62
Q

What is the prodromal period of infectious disease?

A

Short period of generalized, mild symptoms

63
Q

What is the most serious stage of infectious disease?

A

Illness

64
Q

What is the illness stage of infectious disease?

A

When signs and symptoms are most evident

65
Q

What is the decline stage of infectious disease?

A

Immune response/treatment vanquish pathogens, body slowly returns to normal

66
Q

What is the convalescence stage of infectious disease?

A

Patient recovers from illness tissues repaired and returned to normal

67
Q

How can pathogens leave the host?

A

Bodily secretions, blood, vaginal secretions or semen, breast milk, bodily wastes

68
Q

What are the five groups of transmission of infectious agents?

A

Contact, vehicle, vector, airborne, and perinatal

69
Q

What is the term for an inanimate object involved in indirect transmission of infectious agents?

A

Fomite

70
Q

What mode of transmission of infectious agents involves a non-living middle man?

A

Vehicle transmission

71
Q

Which mode of transmission of infectious agents involves a living middle man?

A

Vector transmission (can be mechanical or biological)

72
Q

Waterborne, foodborne, or fecal-oral body fluids represent what kind of mode of transmission for infectious agents?

A

Vehicle transmission

73
Q

What kind of mode of transmission of infectious agents by an arachnid or insect being a middle man?

A

Vector transmission

74
Q

Mom to baby transmission is what kind?

A

Perinatal

75
Q

What kind of vector in transmission only carries the pathogen?

A

Mechanical

76
Q

What kind of vector in transmission serves as the host for the pathogen, as well?

A

Biological

77
Q

Ticks and mites are what kind of arthropod?

A

Arachnids

78
Q

Fleas and lice are what kind of arthropods?

A

Insects

79
Q

How many pairs of legs do arthropods have?

A

Four

80
Q

How many pairs of legs do insects have?

A

Insects (along with three body regions)

81
Q

What is the most important arachnid vector?

A

Ticks

82
Q

Are spiders arachnid vectors?

A

No; they do not transmit pathogens

83
Q

What is the most important and most common insect vector?

A

Mosquitos (most important vector overall, too)

84
Q

What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time?

A

Incidence

85
Q

What is the term for the number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time?

A

Prevalence

86
Q

What is the term for a disease that normally occurs at regular intervals with stable incidence within a given population or geographical area?

A

Endemic

87
Q

What is the term for only a few scattered cases within an area of population?

A

Sporadic

88
Q

What is the term for when a disease occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for an area or population?

A

Epidemic

89
Q

What is the term for an epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent?

A

Pandemic

90
Q

What is an index case?

A

The first victim/case of a particular outbreak of an infectious disease

91
Q

What is involved with a careful tabulation of data concerning a disease?

A

Recording of location and time of the cases of disease along with patient information

92
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

An infection acquired in health-care settings (patients or employees)

93
Q

What are the three subcategories of nosocomial infections?

A

Exogenous, endogenous, iatrogenic

94
Q

What kind of nosocomial infection results from a modern medical procedure?

A

Iatrogenic

95
Q

What kind of nosocomial infection involves a pathogen arising from normal microbiota due to factors in the health care setting?

A

Endogenous

96
Q

What kind of nosocomial infection involves the pathogen being acquired from the health care environment?

A

Exogenous

97
Q

What is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections?

A

Hand washing

98
Q

What is used to treat staph aureus?

A

Vancomycin

Microbiology Exam One (9 decks)

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