Cell Structure And Function Flashcards
What is the single most important differentiating factor between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes do not have nuclei, and eukaryotes do.
What are the four processes of life?
Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism
Do prokaryotes possess internal membrane bound organelles?
No
What is the shape of prokaryotic DNA?
Circular
What subgroups are made of up prokaryotes?
Archaea and bacteria
Do eukaryotes have a nucleus?
Yes
What is the shape of eukaryotic DNA?
Linear
Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants are made up of what type of cells?
Eukaryotes
What type of glycocalyx is firmly attached to the cell surface?
Capsule
What type of glycocalyx is loosely attached to the cell surface?
Slime layer
What is the gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell?
Glycocalyces
What are the three parts of flagella on bacteria?
Filament, hook, and basal body
Are flagella present on all bacteria?
No, but most
What is the function of bacterial flagella?
Allow movement
What is the term for when the flagella function together for movement?
“Runs”
What is the term for the movement created by a single flagella of bacteria moving either clockwise or counterclockwise?
“Tumbles”
What structures mediate the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells (conjugation)?
Pili
What is the composition of the bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
What are the functions of the bacterial cell wall?
Provide structure and shape, gives characteristic shape, protect cell from osmotic forces
What are the two most common types of bacterial cell walls?
Gram + or gram -
Which type of bacterial cell wall has a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan?
Gram +
Which type of bacterial cell wall contains unique polyalcohols called teichoic acids?
Gram +
Gram + bacterial cell walls appear as what color following a gram staining procedure?
Purple
Which type of bacterial cell well has a thin peptidoglycan layer?
Gram -
Lipid A is only found in what type of bacterial cell wall?
Gram -
What is lipid A as found in gram - bacterial cell walls?
A potent endotoxin released from dead cells that may trigger fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting
What type of bacterial cell wall appears a red or magenta after a gram staining procedure?
Gram -
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are all forms of what type of process?
Passive processes
Active transport and group translocation are examples of which type of process?
Active processes (requiring ATP)
What is group translocation?
Substance chemically modified during transport
What part of bacteria stores abundant nutrients by acting as reservoirs?
Inclusions
What are unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?
Endospores
Endospores are only created by bacteria from which genus?
Bacillus and clostridium
What is the most resistant type of bacteria?
Those with endospores (bacillus and clostridium)
Which organelle is the structure for protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
What is the total size of prokaryotic ribosomes?
70S
What are the individual sizes of each subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes?
30S and 50S
What cells lack cell walls?
Animal and MOST protozoan cells
What cells HAVE cell walls?
Fungi, algae, plants, and SOME protozoans
What form of active processes is present among eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes?
Endocytosis
What is endocytosis?
Physical manipulation of the membrane to form pseudopodia for engulfing
What is the term for the engulfment of solid material by the cell membrane?
Phagocytosis
What is the term for the importation of liquid into the cell through the membrane?
Pinocytosis
In which type of cell are ribosomes larger?
Eukaryotic ribosomes
What is the overall size of eukaryotic ribosomes?
80S
What are the individual sizes of the eukaryotic ribosome subunits?
60S and 40S
EXCEPTION: what is the overall size of ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
70S
