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Microbiology Exam One > Applied and Environmental Microbiology > Flashcards

Applied and Environmental Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Any desirable change that occurs to a food or beverage as a result of microbial growth

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2
Q

What are composed of known microorganisms that consistently perform specific fermentations that is used in commercial food and beverage production?

A

Starter cultures

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3
Q

What are adverse changes to a food due to the action of microorganisms?

A

Spoilage

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4
Q

How are cheeses made?

A

The acid produced by the bacteria during fermentation curdles the milk

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5
Q

What is the major bacteria of Wisconsin involved in cheese fermenting?

A

Lactococcus lactis

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6
Q

What are the two categories of food poisoning?

A

Food infections, food intoxications

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7
Q

Which category of food poisoning entails the consumption of living microorganisms?

A

Food infections

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8
Q

Which category of food poisoning entails the consumption of microbial toxins rather than the microbe?

A

Food intoxications

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9
Q

What is the rate of food borne illness in the US?

A

1/6 Americans per year

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10
Q

What are the primary location and secondary location of where most food borne illness comes from?

A

1-food service industry, 2-unknown origin

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11
Q

What is the #1 culprit of food borne illness?

A

Norovirus

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12
Q

What is the second most common cause of food borne illness in the US?

A

Salmonella spp.

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13
Q

Which two bacterial agents of food borne illness grow at refrigerator temperature?

A

Listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica

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14
Q

What is physical water pollution?

A

Presence of particulate matter

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15
Q

What is chemical water pollution?

A

Presence of inorganic or organic compounds

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16
Q

What is biological water pollution?

A

Too many or non-native microorganisms

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17
Q

Why are waterborne diseases rare in the US?

A

Water treatment removes most waterborne pathogens

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18
Q

What condition does norovirus cause?

A

Gastroenteritis

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19
Q

What are the stages for the treatment of drinking water?

A

1 coagulation and flocculation
2 sedimentation
3 filtration
4 disinfection

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20
Q

What is the term for water that is considered safe enough to drink?

A

Potable water

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21
Q

Is potable water completely devoid of microorganism and chemicals?

A

No; the levels are low enough that it is not a health concern

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22
Q

The presence of what substance indicates fecal contamination of food or water?

A

Coliforms

23
Q

If coliforms are present, what can that imply?

A

Increased likelihood that there are disease-causing microbes present

24
Q

What is the indicator of sanitary (or unsanitary) quality of food and water?

A

Presence of coliforms

25
Q

What is the water treated with in stage one of the cleansing process?

A

Alum - chemical that enables particles in the water to clump together

26
Q

What is the term for the clumps of heavy material that is grouped by alum in the first stage of the filtering process of drinking water?

A

Flocs

27
Q

What occurs in the second step of the filtration of drinking water?

A

Sedimentation - letting the water sit enables the heavy materials to fall to the bottom

28
Q

What are the three possibilities for filtration during the third step of the cleansing process of drinking water?

A

Sand filtration, activated charcoal, membrane filtration

29
Q

What is the purpose of the filtration step of cleansing our water?

A

Removal of microbes

30
Q

Which step of the cleansing process of drinking water involves the deactivation of remaining molecules?

A

Last step (disinfection)

31
Q

What are the three things used in the disinfection step of cleansing our drinking water?

A

Chlorine, ozone, and UV light

32
Q

What is the primary treatment of waste water?

A

Sedimentation

33
Q

What is formed from the first step of the cleansing of waste water?

A

Sludge

34
Q

What occurs in the secondary treatment of waste water to the “water”?

A

Aerated with oxygen to kill bacteria

35
Q

What is used to disinfect the water during cleansing of waste water during the chemical treatment?

A

Chlorine

36
Q

What happens during sludge treatment in the final step of waste water cleansing?

A

Anaerobic digestion of sludge followed by the methane being trapped and used for fuel

37
Q

What is the water called that LEAVES your house?

A

Waste water/sewage

38
Q

What is the water called that COMES to your house?

A

Municipal water

39
Q

What does remediate mean?

A

To solve a problem

40
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

To use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater

41
Q

What is bioterrorism?

A

The use of microbes and/or their toxins to threat or harm the human population

42
Q

What is agroterrorism?

A

The use of microbes to terrorize the human population by destroying food supply

43
Q

When dealing with criteria for assessment of biological threats, what is public health impact?

A

The ability of hospitals and clinics to handle the casualties

44
Q

When dealing with criteria for assessment of biological threats, what is delivery potential?

A

How easily an agent can be introduced into the population

45
Q

When dealing with criteria for assessment of biological threats, what is public perception?

A

The effect of public fear on ability to control an outbreak

46
Q

When dealing with criteria for assessment of biological threats, what is public health preparedness?

A

Existing response measures

47
Q

What are the diseases in order of greatest concern for being bioterrorist threats?

A

Smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, tularemia, viral hemorrhagic fevers

48
Q

Which bio safety level has pathogens that do not cause disease in healthy humans?

A

Level 1

49
Q

Which bio safety level deals with the handling of moderately hazardous agents?

A

Level 2

50
Q

Which bio safety level involves the handling of microbes in safety cabinets that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after inhalation?

A

Level 3

51
Q

Which bio safety level involves the handling of microbes that cause severe or fatal diseases?

A

Level 4

52
Q

What laboratory technique could be used by terrorists to create their own microbes or modify already known biological threats?

A

Recombination of DNA

53
Q

What are some positive things that could come from DNA are combination of microbes?

A

Vaccines, treatments, and pathogen-resistant crops

Microbiology Exam One (9 decks)

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