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Biology 11 > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Viruses

A

Organic particles that exist on border of considered life

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2
Q

How big are viruses and how do we view them

A

20-400 nm
Electron microscope

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3
Q

Acellular

A

Don’t have cells

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4
Q

Characteristics of life viruses have

A

Can evolve, reproduce, interact with environment

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5
Q

Characteristics of life that viruses don’t have

A

Don’t contain cells, grow, use nutrients or release waste

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6
Q

Capsid

A

Protein capsule that surrounds nucleus acid/enzymes of virus
Made of repeating proteins

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7
Q

Core

A

Inside of capsid
Contains salt solution like cytoplasm

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8
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Hereditary material used to make new viral proteins inside host
Contains DNA or RNA (not both)

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9
Q

DNA

A

Benefit of being more stable + allowing more complex genetics

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10
Q

RNA

A

Benefit of making proteins easier + having higher mutation rate

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11
Q

Mutation rate

A

Makes viruses more adaptable

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12
Q

Enzymes

A

Used for helping viruses replicate in cell

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13
Q

Transcriptase

A

Enzymes which decode viral RNA to make viral proteins

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14
Q

RNAses

A

Enzymes that destroy host RNA so viral proteins have higher priority

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15
Q

Polymerases

A

Make copies of RNA or DNA from viral template so viral replication can occur

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16
Q

Envelope

A

Cell membrane that surrounds capsid
Taken from host cell

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17
Q

Surface proteins

A

Part of virus to identify/ invade host cells

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18
Q

Antigens

A

Result of surface proteins triggering an immune response
Antibody generator

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19
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that only infect bacterial cells
Have unique shape

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20
Q

Head/sheath of bacteriophages

A

Head- capsid containing nucleic acid
Tail- contains sheath/attachment site for injecting nucleic acid into bacteria

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21
Q

Viral replication pathway

A

A way which a virus duplicates it’s nucleic acid
Starts when virus interacts with host cell

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22
Q

4 steps of viral replication pathway

A

Entrance/assembly
Synthesis
Assembly/packing
Release

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23
Q

Entrance

A

The injection of nucleic acid or entire virion into host cell

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24
Q

Synthesis

A

Hijack host cell organelles
Use host cells for protein synthesis/nutrients

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25
Q

Assembly

A

Brings together capsid proteins, nucleic acid, and sometimes enzymes

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26
Q

Release

A

Consists of either lysis or budding of the virions

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27
Q

Lysis

A

Rupturing of host cell + release of new virus
Results in 100-300 new virions
Virulent

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28
Q

Virulent

A

Cause damage to cells/organs

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29
Q

Budding

A

Produces virions that bud from host cell, taking cell membrane to form envelopes

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30
Q

Pathway that doesn’t perform lysis

A

Lysogenic

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31
Q

Prophages

A

Viral nucleic acid that inserts into host DNA + acts as extra set of genes

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32
Q

Temperate

A

Viruses that use lysogenic cycle
Ex. Herpes

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33
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA viruses that carry enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA
Ex. HIV

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34
Q

Latency

A

Stage prophage enters after inserting into DNA
Does not produce new virions

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35
Q

Sources of stress for prophages

A

Changes in temperature
Nutrient availability
If cell has been damaged

36
Q

Pathogen

A

Organism that causes disease

37
Q

Host

A

Species in which pathogen causes disease

38
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Process through which a pathogen causes disease

39
Q

Broad host range

A

Range in which species can infect many different species
Ex. Influenza

40
Q

Narrow host range

A

Range in which viruses infect few species
Ex. HIV

41
Q

3 ways viruses spread between host cell

A

Aerosol
Fecal-oral
Vectors

42
Q

Aerosol cord uses

A

Spread by microscopic air droplets
Ex. COVID, influenza

43
Q

Fecal-oral viruses

A

Stabilized by feces until they contact new host cell
Ex. Norovirus, pink eye

44
Q

Arboviruses

A

Require non-host species to spread them
Spread by vectors
Ex. West Nile, zika, dengue

45
Q

Vectors

A

Organisms that harbour pathogens without being infected themselves
Ex. Mosquito

46
Q

Reservoir species

A

Host species that virus is best adapted to

47
Q

Incidental species

A

Host species which can be infected but with lower efficiency

48
Q

2 evolutionary ideas

A

Regression
Virus first

49
Q

Virus first theory

A

All modern viruses are descendants of first life on earth
RNA world-viruses dominant

50
Q

Regression theory

A

Originated from parasitic bacteria cells
Lost genes no longer necessary because host now sustains them

51
Q

Regression strengths

A

Evolve to increase reproductive genes

52
Q

Co evolution

A

2 species affecting each others evolution

53
Q

What AOE does co evolution favor

A

Natural selection/lower virulence

54
Q

Physical barriers

A

Body’s first line of defence against pathogens

55
Q

Physical barriers examples

A

Skin
Mucus

56
Q

Innate defenses

A

Cells/chemicals that destroy pathogens after physical barriers breached
Target all pathogens
Main innate defence

57
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells; cells of immune system

58
Q

Mast cells

A

Detect pathogen and release chemical messengers: histamine, prostaglandin

59
Q

Histamine

A

Triggers blood vessel walls to stretch diameter (vasodilation) resulting in low blood pressure

60
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Causes pain sensation alerting host to infection and making it rest to conserve nutrients

61
Q

Macrophages

A

Pass through blood vessels into the tissue and specialize in phagocytosis

62
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process of consuming/destroying foreign materials in blood

63
Q

NK cells

A

Search for infected host cells and causes Apoptosis

64
Q

Adaptive defence

A

Responsible for destroying pathogens that beat innate defences
Only target one particular pathogen

65
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Cells of adaptive immune system

66
Q

B cells

A

Produce antibodies

67
Q

Antibodies

A

Hunt down/bind to pathogens making it easier for macrophages to destroy them

68
Q

T cells

A

Find/destroy infected host cells

69
Q

Memory B/T cells

A

Remain long term to provide immunity against repeat infection

70
Q

Vaccines

A

Substances used to produce long term immunity

71
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Start adaptive immune response

72
Q

Antigen

A

Most important component of every vaccine
What body develops immunity to

73
Q

Suspending fluid

A

Water/saline solution used to keep antigen stable

74
Q

Preservatives

A

Used to stabilize vaccine and help retain potency over time
Ex. Glycine, albumin

75
Q

Single valent vaccines

A

Protect 1 strain

76
Q

Multivalent vaccine

A

Protect multiple strains

77
Q

Thimerosal

A

Mercury-containing organic compound effective at preventing contamination by fungi/bacteria
Stabilizing multitalented vaccines

78
Q

Adjuvants

A

Increase potency of immune response ensuring immunity is acquired
Ex. Aluminum

W/o adjuvants vaccines less likely to produce memory cells

79
Q

Live/attenuated

A

Use live virus that has been weakened so infection can’t be established

80
Q

Reactivation

A

Reversion of attenuated virus to normal potency
ex. MMR, chicken pox

81
Q

Killed virus

A

Contain virus that has had nucleic acid removed or chemically degraded
No risk of reactivation except for manufacturer error
Ex. Polio, rabies, whooping cough

82
Q

Subunit

A

Use specific part of pathogen

83
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

Type of subunit vaccine that use viral vector to produce antigen
Require boosters
Ex. Most bacterial vaccines, Astra Zeneca J and J

84
Q

mRNA

A

Use code for body to produce part of pathogens surface proteins
Ex. COVID Pfizer and Morderna

85
Q

Why can’t some people get vaccinated?

A

Immune disorder
Allergy

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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