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Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread like structure inside bacterial cell

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2
Q

Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Plasmids

A

Mobile rings of DNA
Can be transferred between bacteria

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4
Q

What do bacteria lack

A

Mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Inner layer surrounding bacteria cytoplasm, responsible for transporting, nutrients and waste

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6
Q

Cell wall

A

Middle layer surrounding cytoplasm, composed of a glycoprotein called peptidoglycan

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7
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Provides rigidity/shape to bacterium

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8
Q

Gram-positive

A

Bacteria with large cell walls, and no capsule

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9
Q

Capsule

A

Outer layer of cytoplasm
Helps protect bacteria from being destroyed through phagocytosis

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10
Q

Graham negative

A

Bacteria containing a capsule

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11
Q

Pili

A

Protein tubes that are found in some bacteria

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12
Q

Attachment pili

A

Helps bacteria attached to surfaced/host

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13
Q

Sex Pili

A

Used in sexual reproduction to transfer DNA from bacterium to bacterium

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14
Q

Flagellum

A

Use for locomotion

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15
Q

Aerobic bacteria, use what form of respiration

A

Cellular respiration
Fermentation

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16
Q

Fermentation

A

Process of metabolizing sugars in an absence of oxygen

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17
Q

Waste products of fermentation

A

Lactic acid
Methane
Alcohol

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18
Q

Photrophs

A

Get energy through photosynthesis

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19
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Get energy by consuming other organisms

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20
Q

Chemo troughs

A

Get energy from inorganic chemical sources:
Sulfur
Methane
Magnetic metal particles

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21
Q

What 2 forms can DNA in a bacterium be found

A

Chromosome
Plasmid

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22
Q

Chromosome

A

Primary DNA of bacteria cell; first structure
Provides genes necessary for survival
Are circular

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23
Q

Plasmid

A

Second DNA structure
Consists of genes unnecessary for survival but give an advantage in stressful conditions

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24
Q

When is chromosome replicated

A

Cell division

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25
Vertical gene transfer
Passing of genes from generation to generation
26
Horizontal gene transfer
Passing of genes between co-existing organisms
27
Transduction
Form of horizontal gene transfer where DNA is transferred between bacteria through bacteriophages
28
Transformation
Uptake of plasmids by bacterial cell Used by scientists to insert desirable genes into bacteria Ex. Insulin in E.coli
29
Conjugation
Direct transfer of genes using sex pillus Allows for sexual reproduction
30
Asexual reproduction
When single bacteria produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells
31
Binary Fission
Form of asexual reproduction where parent cytoplasm is evenly distributed btw daughter cells
32
Budding
Type of asexual reproduction where daughter cell grows inside parent and pinches off once matured Do not take equal amount of cytoplasm like binary fission
33
Colony
Cluster of genetically identical bacteria resulting from asexual reproduction Low genetic diversity (easy to destroy)
34
Sexual reproduction can be achieved through:
Transformation Conjugation
35
Saprophytes
Micro organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organisms
36
Nitrogen fixation
Convert inorganic nitrogen in atmosphere into a usable form
37
What percent of cells in your body are human
10%
38
How many different species of bacteria are found in body
10,000
39
Micro biome
Diversity of bacteria that populate in human body
40
3 essential roles of micro biome
Fight off pathogens Digest nutrients Remove toxins
41
Micro biome can be compromised through:
Illness Antibiotics
42
Opportunistic pathogens
Organisms that don’t normally pose a threat, but can establish disease when immune system is compromised Ex. C.Diff
43
6 different methods of protection from pathogenic bacteria
Sterilization Disinfectants Antiseptics Pest control Vaccines Antibiotics
44
Food infection
Eating food containing toxin-producing bacteria
45
Food poisoning
Eating food containing only the bacterial toxin
46
Botulism
Bacteria produces powerful neurotoxin that paralyzes muscles
47
3 ways that bacteria cause disease
Causing inflammation/host cell death Producing toxins Overwhelming host tissue due to quantity of cells
48
Sepsis
Body wide infection by a bacteria
49
Septic shock
Infection so large it isn’t responding to treatment Ex. Flesh eating disease
50
3 ways humans can alter genetics
Transformation of plasmid Transduction of bacteriophage Mutagenesis
51
Recombinant DNA
Synthetically made DNA (designer plasmids)
52
What 2 genes do scientist want from designer plasmids
Gene producing protein of commercial/medical value Gene for antibiotic resistance
53
Purpose of antibiotic gene
Allow scientists to select for colonies that have been successfully transformed
54
Reporter gene
Codes for protein that makes transformed colonies easily identifiable Results in fluorescence
55
LacZ
Key reporter gene in biology Results in fluorescence (turns blue)
56
Mutagenesis
Process of causing mutation in an organism Currently used in development of antibiotics and to modify antibiotic gene so it’s more effective against resistance
57
BT toxin
Bacterial toxin used as insecticide since 1920s
58
Antibiotics
Chemicals that destroy bacteria/limit growth
59
Overuse of antibiotics leads to:
antibiotic resistance
60
Most historically important antibiotic:
Pencicillin
61
Pencicillin
Works by interrupting cell wall growth
62
Fungi/bacteria both have what structure
Cell wall
63
Fungal cell wall
Made of chitin
64
Bacterial cell wall
Made of peptidoglycan
65
Why might penicillin not work
If bacteria isn’t growing (causing tears in cell wall) If bacteria has developed antibiotic resistance
66
How is resistance to penicillin created
Caused by bacteria producing an enzyme that breaks down penicillin protein

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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