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Biology 11 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in frequency of inherited traits over generations

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2
Q

Does evolution apply to populations or individuals

A

Populations

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3
Q

Applications of evolution are found throughout what?

A

Modern science

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4
Q

Is evolution teleological?

A

No

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5
Q

What determines better survival reproductive success?

A

The environment

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6
Q

4 agents of evolution

A

Mutation
Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow

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7
Q

Mutation

A

Change in DNA/RNA sequence

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8
Q

What is mutation responsible for?

A

Variation in traits

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9
Q

3 types of mutations

A

Silent
Harmful
Beneficial

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

Increases frequency of traits that improve survival + reproductive success

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11
Q

What determines the favourable traits in natural selection?

A

The environment

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12
Q

Genetic drift

A

Fluctuation in trait frequencies due to population size

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13
Q

Gene flow

A

Fluctuation in trait frequencies due to entering/leaving a population

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14
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms who can produce viable offspring

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15
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

When same species have different appearances due to sex

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16
Q

Ring species

A

Where adjacent populations can breed, but opposite ends can’t

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17
Q

Asexual species

A

Don’t reproduce sexually
Ex. Bacteria, viruses

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18
Q

Transition species

A

Species over time

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19
Q

Speciation

A

Emergence of new species

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20
Q

2 main forms of speciation

A

Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation

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21
Q

Geographic isolation

A

When physical barriers separate a population
Ex. Kokanee salmon

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22
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Groups in a population don’t mate with eachother
Ex. 3-spined stickleback

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23
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Concept that natural processes happen gradually

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24
Q

Gradualism

A

Slow + constant gradual change in number of species

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25
Q

Catastrophism

A

Concept that natural processes happened in sudden, violent events

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26
Q

Punctured equilibrium

A

Quick bursts of speciation, followed by none

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27
Q

Fossils

A

Evidence of ancient life

28
Q

Hard-bodied organism

A

Have a hard part
Ex. Teeth, bones

29
Q

Soft-bodied organism

A

Made of only organic material, decay quickly

30
Q

How long ago did hard-bodied organisms evolve?

A

500 million years

31
Q

4 groups of fossils

A

Compression
Cast/mold
Unaltered
Permineralized

32
Q

Compression fossils

A

Created by burying of an organism under pressure

33
Q

Cast/mold fossils

A

Former through mud chambers
Mold- solidification of mud around organism
Cast-filling of the cast

34
Q

Unaltered fossils

A

Original, organic state

35
Q

How are unaltered fossils created?

A

Organisms getting trapped in ice, amber or permafrost

36
Q

Permineralized fossils

A

Replacing organic material with mineral rich solution

37
Q

What do Permineralized fossils only apply to?

A

Plants

38
Q

Petrification

A

Permineralization of wood

39
Q

3 methods used to determine age of fossils

A

Superposition
Radiodating
Paleomagnetic Dating

40
Q

Law of Superposition

A

New layers form on top of old layers
Determines relative age

41
Q

Radiodating

A

Comparing amounts of isotopes in fossil/surrounding sediment
Carbon-14
Uranium-235
Potassium-40

42
Q

Paleomagnetic dating

A

Alignment of metal particles in surrounding sediment
Determines relative age

43
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Graphical way of showing evolutionary relationships

44
Q

Parts of phylogenetic tree and what they represent

A

Leaves-species
Branches-species over time
Nodes-speciation events
LUCA-last universal common ancestor
Root- before evolution events

45
Q

Extant species

A

Species that still exist

46
Q

Extinct species

A

Species that doesn’t exist

47
Q

Extirpation

A

Species that have become extinct in a region
Ex. Caribou

48
Q

All extant species are evolved in what way?

A

Equally

49
Q

What do you need to build a phylogenetic tree?

A

-List of species
-List of major adaptations or known evolutionary relationships

50
Q

Outgroup

A

Lowest branch on phylogenetic tree
Species with fewest number of common traits

51
Q

Divergent evolution

A

When species/traits gives rise to new species/traits

52
Q

What can divergent evolution be the result of?

A

Natural forces (natural selection)
Man-made causes (artificial selection)

53
Q

Divergent evolution gives rise to what 2 traits

A

Homologous traits
Vestigial traits

54
Q

Homology

A

Sharing of evolutionary history between traits

55
Q

Homologous traits

A

Common evolutionary history, perform different functions

56
Q

Vestigial traits

A

Traits that were once important to species but no longer are
Ex. Wisdom teeth

57
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Different species of evolve similar traits despite having different evolutionary history

58
Q

Analogous traits

A

Result of convergent evolution
Have similar function, different evolutionary history
Ex. 4-chambered hearts, thermoregulation

59
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classification system used to organize species based on evolutionary relationships

60
Q

How does taxonomy help us identify organisms?

A

Analyzing traits

61
Q

Morphology

A

Physical structure/appearance

62
Q

Scientific names

A

Names given to make species universally identifiable

63
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Two names are given: genus + species

64
Q

The 8 levels of classification

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

65
Q

Taxon

A

Level of classification

66
Q

3 domain groups

A

Domain bacteria
Domain archaea
Domain eukarya

67
Q

5 main kingdom groups

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Monera (bacteria)

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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