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Biology 11 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in frequency of inherited traits over generations

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2
Q

Does evolution apply to populations or individuals

A

Populations

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3
Q

Applications of evolution are found throughout what?

A

Modern science

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4
Q

Is evolution teleological?

A

No

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5
Q

What determines better survival reproductive success?

A

The environment

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6
Q

4 agents of evolution

A

Mutation
Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow

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7
Q

Mutation

A

Change in DNA/RNA sequence

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8
Q

What is mutation responsible for?

A

Variation in traits

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9
Q

3 types of mutations

A

Silent
Harmful
Beneficial

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

Increases frequency of traits that improve survival + reproductive success

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11
Q

What determines the favourable traits in natural selection?

A

The environment

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12
Q

Genetic drift

A

Fluctuation in trait frequencies due to population size

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13
Q

Gene flow

A

Fluctuation in trait frequencies due to entering/leaving a population

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14
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms who can produce viable offspring

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15
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

When same species have different appearances due to sex

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16
Q

Ring species

A

Where adjacent populations can breed, but opposite ends can’t

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17
Q

Asexual species

A

Don’t reproduce sexually
Ex. Bacteria, viruses

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18
Q

Transition species

A

Species over time

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19
Q

Speciation

A

Emergence of new species

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20
Q

2 main forms of speciation

A

Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation

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21
Q

Geographic isolation

A

When physical barriers separate a population
Ex. Kokanee salmon

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22
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Groups in a population don’t mate with eachother
Ex. 3-spined stickleback

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23
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Concept that natural processes happen gradually

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24
Q

Gradualism

A

Slow + constant gradual change in number of species

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25
Catastrophism
Concept that natural processes happened in sudden, violent events
26
Punctured equilibrium
Quick bursts of speciation, followed by none
27
Fossils
Evidence of ancient life
28
Hard-bodied organism
Have a hard part Ex. Teeth, bones
29
Soft-bodied organism
Made of only organic material, decay quickly
30
How long ago did hard-bodied organisms evolve?
500 million years
31
4 groups of fossils
Compression Cast/mold Unaltered Permineralized
32
Compression fossils
Created by burying of an organism under pressure
33
Cast/mold fossils
Former through mud chambers Mold- solidification of mud around organism Cast-filling of the cast
34
Unaltered fossils
Original, organic state
35
How are unaltered fossils created?
Organisms getting trapped in ice, amber or permafrost
36
Permineralized fossils
Replacing organic material with mineral rich solution
37
What do Permineralized fossils only apply to?
Plants
38
Petrification
Permineralization of wood
39
3 methods used to determine age of fossils
Superposition Radiodating Paleomagnetic Dating
40
Law of Superposition
New layers form on top of old layers Determines relative age
41
Radiodating
Comparing amounts of isotopes in fossil/surrounding sediment Carbon-14 Uranium-235 Potassium-40
42
Paleomagnetic dating
Alignment of metal particles in surrounding sediment Determines relative age
43
Phylogenetic tree
Graphical way of showing evolutionary relationships
44
Parts of phylogenetic tree and what they represent
Leaves-species Branches-species over time Nodes-speciation events LUCA-last universal common ancestor Root- before evolution events
45
Extant species
Species that still exist
46
Extinct species
Species that doesn’t exist
47
Extirpation
Species that have become extinct in a region Ex. Caribou
48
All extant species are evolved in what way?
Equally
49
What do you need to build a phylogenetic tree?
-List of species -List of major adaptations or known evolutionary relationships
50
Outgroup
Lowest branch on phylogenetic tree Species with fewest number of common traits
51
Divergent evolution
When species/traits gives rise to new species/traits
52
What can divergent evolution be the result of?
Natural forces (natural selection) Man-made causes (artificial selection)
53
Divergent evolution gives rise to what 2 traits
Homologous traits Vestigial traits
54
Homology
Sharing of evolutionary history between traits
55
Homologous traits
Common evolutionary history, perform different functions
56
Vestigial traits
Traits that were once important to species but no longer are Ex. Wisdom teeth
57
Convergent evolution
Different species of evolve similar traits despite having different evolutionary history
58
Analogous traits
Result of convergent evolution Have similar function, different evolutionary history Ex. 4-chambered hearts, thermoregulation
59
Taxonomy
Classification system used to organize species based on evolutionary relationships
60
How does taxonomy help us identify organisms?
Analyzing traits
61
Morphology
Physical structure/appearance
62
Scientific names
Names given to make species universally identifiable
63
Binomial nomenclature
Two names are given: genus + species
64
The 8 levels of classification
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
65
Taxon
Level of classification
66
3 domain groups
Domain bacteria Domain archaea Domain eukarya
67
5 main kingdom groups
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Monera (bacteria)

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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