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Biology 11 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell shape of plants

A

Geometric shapes

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2
Q

What creates the cells geometric shape

A

Rigid cell walls

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3
Q

What are plant cell walls made of

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure caused by cytoplasm on cell walls

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5
Q

What organelle protects against turgor pressure

A

Vacuole

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6
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores/releases water as necessary to maintain pressure balance

Stores nutrients for future use

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7
Q

Plastids

A

Contain pigment molecules that absorb the energy from certain wavelengths of light and store energy as sugar (synthesizing sugars)

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8
Q

Most common plastid

A

Chloroplast

Uses green pigment molecule called chlorophyll

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9
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Plastids that possess other pigment molecules which can give a variety of colors

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10
Q

What are plant life cycles characterized by?

A

Alternation of generations

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11
Q

The gametophyte stage of life cycle

A

Haploid (half it’s normal chromosome set)

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12
Q

What do gametophytes produce?

A

Gametes for sexual reproduction

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13
Q

Gametes fuse to form what?

A

Zygotes

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14
Q

Sporophyte stage of plant life cycle

A

Diploid (two sets of chromosomes)

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15
Q

Sporophytes produce what

A

Spores that can spread through environment

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16
Q

What do spores do once they reach a favourable environment?

A

Germinate into gametophytes using meiosis

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17
Q

Meiosis

A

Form of asexual reproduction

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18
Q

What are 3 ways spores and gametes can be spread?

A

Water currents
Wind
Pollinators

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19
Q

Simple plants spend more time in what stage?

A

Gametophyte stage

Makes them gametophyte dominant

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20
Q

Complex plants spend more time in what stage?

A

Sporophyte stage

Makes them sporophyte dominant

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21
Q

Do plants alternate between gametophyte and sporophyte stage?

A

Yes

Are physically joined (one develops from the other)

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22
Q

Algae

A

Non-flowering aquatic plants
Can sometimes refer to phytoplankton

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23
Q

Examples of protist-like algae

A

Volvox and spirogyra

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24
Q

What were algae the first of?

A

First multicellular forms of photosynthetic life

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25
Q

Where must algae live?

A

Aquatic/marine environments

Make sure algae don’t dessicate

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26
Q

What do aquatic environments provide for algae?

A

Structural support, nutrients and accommodates dispersal of spores/gametes

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27
Q

Do algae have low cell differentiation?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Don’t fit together neatly based on evolutionary relationships

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29
Q

3 types of algae

A

Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta

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30
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green algae
Have chlorophyll A and B
Reflect green light

Ex. Ulva (sea lettuce)

31
Q

Phaeophyta

A

Brown algae
Have chlorophyll A and C
Combine to make brown pigment

Ex. Kelp and fucus (common in BC)

32
Q

Rhodophyta

A

Red algae
Have chlorophyll A and D
Combine to make red pigment

Ex. Nori (sushi seaweed)

33
Q

Holdfasts

A

Anchor seaweed to sea floor/internal surface

34
Q

Blades

A

Produce gametes/spores for reproduction of seaweed

35
Q

Bladder

A

Give seaweed buoyancy and allow for it to maintain optimal depth for photosynthesis

36
Q

Stipes

A

Connect bladder and blades to holdfast of seaweed

37
Q

Primary producers of most aquatic food chains

A

Algae

38
Q

What is responsible for 2/3 of the worlds oxygen generation?

A

Algae

39
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

Species that create habitats for many other species

40
Q

Most algae can be described as what?

A

Seaweeds

41
Q

Mosses

A

Non-vascular land plants

42
Q

Non vascular

A

No internal transport system

43
Q

What were the first macroscopic organisms to colonize earth?

A

Mosses

44
Q

Byrophytes

A

Group of plants containing mosses and their relatives; liver warts

45
Q

What did mosses adapt from?

A

Seaweed

46
Q

What does the top of an immature mosses gametophyte produce?

A

Male/female reproductive structures

47
Q

What do you call the male reproductive structure in immature mosses

A

Antheridia

48
Q

What do you call the female reproductive structure in immature mosses?

A

Arcegonia

49
Q

Sporangium

A

Produces spores asexually from sporophyte

50
Q

What do mosses lack?

A

A true stem

51
Q

What plant is seedless and flowerless?

A

Mosses

52
Q

Why do mosses require high humidity environments?

A

Moss rhizoids obtain nutrients from through leaves

Moisture in air hydrates moss and transports gametes from antheridium to archegonia

53
Q

Pioneer species

A

Organisms that first inhabit disturbed environment and make it habitable for new species

54
Q

3 examples of disturbed environments

A

Burned area
Post-glacial areas
Slide area (mud or rock)

55
Q

Ferns

A

Earliest and simplest vascular plants

56
Q

Vascular system of plants

A

Transport water/nutrients through plant

Absorbed by roots

57
Q

Roots

A

Anchoring structures in ground capable of absorption

58
Q

Which plants had the first true roots and stems?

A

Ferns

59
Q

Stems

A

Central above-ground structure that holds up the plant
Have closely packed fibres that give plant strength

60
Q

Stem fibres

A

Allow ferns to grow taller than mosses

61
Q

What do fern stems lack?

A

Lignin

62
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue that transports water/nutrients from roots through stem to the leaves

63
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue that transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant

64
Q

Frond

A

Each stem and leaves on a fern

65
Q

Megophylls

A

Contain multiple veins

Ex. Fern leaves

66
Q

Microphylls

A

Each leaf is served by a single vein

Ex. Mosses

67
Q

What plant spends most their life in sporophyte stage?

A

Ferns

68
Q

What does an improved vascular system in a fern allow for?

A

Greater sugar production

69
Q

Prothallus

A

A fern gametophyte
Heart-shaped and located close to soil

70
Q

How are fern gametes dispersed?

A

Water

71
Q

What do sporophytes produce on a fern?

A

Characteristic fronds

Begins coiled, uncoils as it matures

72
Q

Sori

A

Clusters of sporangia
Grow on underside of frond leaves

73
Q

How are seedless spores produced by sori dispersed?

A

Water/wind

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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