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Biology 11 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Cell shape of plants

A

Geometric shapes

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2
Q

What creates the cells geometric shape

A

Rigid cell walls

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3
Q

What are plant cell walls made of

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure caused by cytoplasm on cell walls

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5
Q

What organelle protects against turgor pressure

A

Vacuole

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6
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores/releases water as necessary to maintain pressure balance

Stores nutrients for future use

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7
Q

Plastids

A

Contain pigment molecules that absorb the energy from certain wavelengths of light and store energy as sugar (synthesizing sugars)

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8
Q

Most common plastid

A

Chloroplast

Uses green pigment molecule called chlorophyll

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9
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Plastids that possess other pigment molecules which can give a variety of colors

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10
Q

What are plant life cycles characterized by?

A

Alternation of generations

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11
Q

The gametophyte stage of life cycle

A

Haploid (half it’s normal chromosome set)

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12
Q

What do gametophytes produce?

A

Gametes for sexual reproduction

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13
Q

Gametes fuse to form what?

A

Zygotes

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14
Q

Sporophyte stage of plant life cycle

A

Diploid (two sets of chromosomes)

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15
Q

Sporophytes produce what

A

Spores that can spread through environment

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16
Q

What do spores do once they reach a favourable environment?

A

Germinate into gametophytes using meiosis

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17
Q

Meiosis

A

Form of asexual reproduction

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18
Q

What are 3 ways spores and gametes can be spread?

A

Water currents
Wind
Pollinators

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19
Q

Simple plants spend more time in what stage?

A

Gametophyte stage

Makes them gametophyte dominant

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20
Q

Complex plants spend more time in what stage?

A

Sporophyte stage

Makes them sporophyte dominant

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21
Q

Do plants alternate between gametophyte and sporophyte stage?

A

Yes

Are physically joined (one develops from the other)

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22
Q

Algae

A

Non-flowering aquatic plants
Can sometimes refer to phytoplankton

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23
Q

Examples of protist-like algae

A

Volvox and spirogyra

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24
Q

What were algae the first of?

A

First multicellular forms of photosynthetic life

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25
Where must algae live?
Aquatic/marine environments Make sure algae don’t dessicate
26
What do aquatic environments provide for algae?
Structural support, nutrients and accommodates dispersal of spores/gametes
27
Do algae have low cell differentiation?
Yes
28
Paraphyletic
Don’t fit together neatly based on evolutionary relationships
29
3 types of algae
Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta
30
Chlorophyta
Green algae Have chlorophyll A and B Reflect green light Ex. Ulva (sea lettuce)
31
Phaeophyta
Brown algae Have chlorophyll A and C Combine to make brown pigment Ex. Kelp and fucus (common in BC)
32
Rhodophyta
Red algae Have chlorophyll A and D Combine to make red pigment Ex. Nori (sushi seaweed)
33
Holdfasts
Anchor seaweed to sea floor/internal surface
34
Blades
Produce gametes/spores for reproduction of seaweed
35
Bladder
Give seaweed buoyancy and allow for it to maintain optimal depth for photosynthesis
36
Stipes
Connect bladder and blades to holdfast of seaweed
37
Primary producers of most aquatic food chains
Algae
38
What is responsible for 2/3 of the worlds oxygen generation?
Algae
39
Ecosystem engineers
Species that create habitats for many other species
40
Most algae can be described as what?
Seaweeds
41
Mosses
Non-vascular land plants
42
Non vascular
No internal transport system
43
What were the first macroscopic organisms to colonize earth?
Mosses
44
Byrophytes
Group of plants containing mosses and their relatives; liver warts
45
What did mosses adapt from?
Seaweed
46
What does the top of an immature mosses gametophyte produce?
Male/female reproductive structures
47
What do you call the male reproductive structure in immature mosses
Antheridia
48
What do you call the female reproductive structure in immature mosses?
Arcegonia
49
Sporangium
Produces spores asexually from sporophyte
50
What do mosses lack?
A true stem
51
What plant is seedless and flowerless?
Mosses
52
Why do mosses require high humidity environments?
Moss rhizoids obtain nutrients from through leaves Moisture in air hydrates moss and transports gametes from antheridium to archegonia
53
Pioneer species
Organisms that first inhabit disturbed environment and make it habitable for new species
54
3 examples of disturbed environments
Burned area Post-glacial areas Slide area (mud or rock)
55
Ferns
Earliest and simplest vascular plants
56
Vascular system of plants
Transport water/nutrients through plant Absorbed by roots
57
Roots
Anchoring structures in ground capable of absorption
58
Which plants had the first true roots and stems?
Ferns
59
Stems
Central above-ground structure that holds up the plant Have closely packed fibres that give plant strength
60
Stem fibres
Allow ferns to grow taller than mosses
61
What do fern stems lack?
Lignin
62
Xylem
Vascular tissue that transports water/nutrients from roots through stem to the leaves
63
Phloem
Vascular tissue that transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant
64
Frond
Each stem and leaves on a fern
65
Megophylls
Contain multiple veins Ex. Fern leaves
66
Microphylls
Each leaf is served by a single vein Ex. Mosses
67
What plant spends most their life in sporophyte stage?
Ferns
68
What does an improved vascular system in a fern allow for?
Greater sugar production
69
Prothallus
A fern gametophyte Heart-shaped and located close to soil
70
How are fern gametes dispersed?
Water
71
What do sporophytes produce on a fern?
Characteristic fronds Begins coiled, uncoils as it matures
72
Sori
Clusters of sporangia Grow on underside of frond leaves
73
How are seedless spores produced by sori dispersed?
Water/wind

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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