Virus Flashcards

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1
Q

Virus Capsid

A

Protein sheath around nucleic acids

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2
Q

Virus Envelope

A

in some viruses, formed around capsid with viral proteins and host’s lipids

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3
Q

Virion

A

1 viral cell

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4
Q

Viral structure

A

core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein

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5
Q

Classified by nature of Genome. 3 types are

A

DNA viruses
RNA viruses (most common)
Retroviruses: RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase (= backwards transcription) to convert its genes to DNA

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6
Q

Host Range

A

suitable cells for a virus

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7
Q

DNA viruses characteristics

A

Most are double-stranded
Replicated in nucleus of eukaryotic host cell
Fewer mutations

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8
Q

RNA virus characteristics

A

Most are single-stranded
Replicated in cytosol of eukaryotic host cell
RNA replication high in mutations constantly changing difficult for host, vaccines, and drugs

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9
Q

Retrovirus characteristics

A

employ reverse transcriptase

Specialized RNA virus

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10
Q

Tissue tropism

A

types of cells within host which can infect by recognizing cell surface proteins on host

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11
Q

Virus can reproduce

A

only in host cell

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12
Q

Virus reproduce only in host, why?

A

Outside, it is metabolically inert virion
Lack enzymes and ribosomes for transcription and translation
Viral genes translated into proteins by host viral proteins assemble more viruses within host

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13
Q

Early genes

A

before replication; viral proteins.

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14
Q

Middle genes

A

replication of viral nucleic acids and production of viral capsid proteins.

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15
Q

Late Genes

A

after replication. proteins for assembly and release

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16
Q

3 viral shapes

A

Helical = rod-shaped (most viruses)
Isometric - spiral
Icosahedral = spherical

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17
Q

Some viruses are complex

A

Poxviruses have multilayered capsid

T-even bacteriophages (ex. T2,T4,T6) have binal symmetry = both icosahedral and helical portions

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18
Q

Enveloped viruses are

A

polymorphic = no distinctive symmetry

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19
Q

Bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria
Viruses have also been found in archaea
Some very unique with complex symmetry

20
Q

Bacteriophages: Exhibit 2 reproductive cycles

A

Lytic and lysogenic cycles

21
Q

lytic cycle

A

utilize host cell’s machinery to replicate viral genome then kill host cell

22
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

integrates viral genome into host’s genome

23
Q

How are the two cycles termed

A

Lytic virus are termed virulent

Lysogenic virus are termed temperate

24
Q

lytic cycle process

A

tail fiber contacts lipoproteins of host bacterial cell wall (attachment or adsorption)
tail contracts and tail tube passes through opening in base plate, piercing bacterial cell wall

25
Q

injection lytic

A

Contents injected into host cytoplasm

26
Q

synthesis lytic

A

viral genome and proteins replicated

27
Q

assembly lytic

A

– viral components put together

28
Q

release lytic

A

viral exit

29
Q

naked viruses

A

lyse ( dissolution or destruction) of the host cell to exit

30
Q

Envelope virus

A

bud off host cell with no harm or produce enzymes which harm/kill host cell

31
Q

Lysogenic cycle process

A

The integration of a virus into a cellular genome is termed lysogeny.

32
Q

Prophage

A

viral genome segment integrated into host genome

33
Q

Lysogen

A

host cell with lysoge

34
Q

phage conversion ( lysogenic)

A

prophage alters the bacterial phenotype causing harmless bacteria to become harmful with viral gene for toxin lysogenically within host genome

35
Q

Steps of lysogenic cycle

A

viral genome added into host chromosome  prophage inside lysogen
Propogation = replication of prophage with host genome replication of new host cells
Induction = switch from lysogenic to lytic cycle, prophage exits host chromosome

36
Q

HIV is what kind of virus

A

retrovirus

37
Q

What cells does HIV attack

A
CD4+, e3specially T cells
= class of CD4+ white blood cells which initiate cell-mediated immune response
38
Q

HIV lytic cycle

A

Attachment = viral glycoprotein gp120 attaches to cell surface marker of a CD4 cell and CCR5 receptors (receptors will help HIV across cell membrane of CD4 cell)
Penetration= HIV enters CD4 cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis
Synthesis= reverse transcriptase converts RNA to double-stranded DNA
DNA is incorporated into host genome
Assembly = occurs after period of dormancy
Release = new HIV virions exit by budding

39
Q

Influenza is what kid of virus

A

RNA virus

40
Q

Emerging virus function how

A

starts in one host then extends host range

41
Q

Hantavirus characteristics

A

Causes deadly pneumonia
Natural host is deer mice feces and urine
1993 outbreak in USA

42
Q

Ebola

A

Causes severe hemorrhagic fever
Host unknown
Mortality 78%
1995 outbreak in Zaire

43
Q

SARS

A
severe acute respiratory syndrome
Pneumonia-like symptoms
Host is civets (a small, African, carnivorous mammals raised and eaten in Asia)
Mortality 8%
Vaccines currently being developed
2003 worldwide outbreak
44
Q

Prions

A

proteinaceous infectious particles

Normal prion proteins

45
Q

Viroids

A

= tiny naked molecules of circular RNA

46
Q

Virus transformation/Transfection

A

genetic alteration of a cell’s genome by the introduction of foreign DNA

47
Q

Gene transfer therapy

A

has possibility of treating genetic illnesses and fighting cancers
Introduce working copy of gene into virus