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Biology section 2 > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mycologists

A

Scientist who study fungi, the study of it

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2
Q

Fungi characeristics

A 
multicellular, except yeasts
mostly aerobic
mostly terrestrial, some marine
great dispersal with airborne spores
major decomposers
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3
Q

6 groups of fungi

A 
(Phylum Chytridiomycota) Chytrids = Chytridiomycetes
(Ph. Zygomycota) Zygomycetes
(Ph. Glomeromycota) Glomeromycetes
(Ph. Ascomycota ) Ascomycetes
(Ph. Basidiomycota ) Basidiomycetes
(Ph. --) Deuteromycetes
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4
Q

what are hyphae

A

sleder filaments bodies. found in multcellular fungi.

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5
Q

cell walls are made of

A

chitin

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6
Q

Where does their mitosis occur

A

in the nucleas. Nuclear mitosis

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7
Q

sexual reproduction paths

A

both asexual and sexual

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8
Q

what is the dikaryon stage

A

2 haploid nuclei co-exist in sexual reproduction before fusing to make diploid

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9
Q

what are septa or septums

A

divided cross walls

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10
Q

what is coenocytic

A

cells continuous to next cell with no barriers

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11
Q

what is mycelium

A

a mass of connected hyphae
May be packed together to form complex structures
Grows through and penetrates substance

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12
Q

what is rhizoid

A

root-like structure that anchors fungi

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13
Q

fungi lack centrioles, what do they use instead

A

Spindle plaques take place of centrioles and form the spindle apparatus within the nucleus

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14
Q

Gametophyte produce

A

gametes from gametangium (pl. gametangia) for sexual reproduction

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15
Q

Sporophyte produce

A

spores from sporangium (pl. sporangia) for asexual reproduction

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16
Q

sexual reproduction process

A

Multinucleate hypha separates from rest of hyphae by septa (now a gamete) fuses with another hypha (= gamete) of opposite mating type to create 1 diploid sporophyte

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17
Q

asexual reproduction process

A

Meiosis produces 4 asexual spores which germinate into 4 haploid gametophytes

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18
Q

what is Parasexual reproduction

A

genetically different nuclei exchange portions of chromosomes to allow for genetic recombination

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19
Q

Mating types

A

genders, + female and – male

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20
Q

dikaryon stage is

A

N+N) before 2 haploid (N) nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus

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21
Q

Monokaryotic is

A

one nucleus in hypha, haploid (N) or diploid (2N)

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22
Q

Dikaryotic

A

two haploid nuclei (N+N) coexist in hypha before fusing to form diploid nucleus

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23
Q

Plasmogamy

A

fusion of 2 hyphae’s cytoplasm

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24
Q

Karyogamy

A

fusion of 2 haploid nuclei

25
Q

what is most common means of reproduction among fungi

A

spores:
May form from sexual or asexual processes
Germination gives rise to new fungal hyphae when find suitable place
Most are dispersed by wind
Some by insects and animals

26
Q

absorptive heterotroph

A

Absorb organic molecules by external digestion

27
Q

Fungi can break down cellulose and lignin in cell walls of plants, also eat animals

A

we cannot. cows have enzymes in their stomach to break down cellulose

28
Q

what is Saprobes

A

absorb organic matter from non-living source

29
Q

Symbionts

A

live in close association with another species

30
Q

Parasites

A

symbiont that feeds on another living organism harming the host, live on or inside; lives at the expense of its host (+/- relationship)

31
Q

how many major phylum in fungi

A

5: Based upon mode of sexual reproduction

Deuteromycetes phylogeny unclear

32
Q

Chytridiomycota phyla characteristics

A

Aquatic, flagellated fungi
No dikaryon stage
Diploid asexual reproductive cycle
Only fungi with motile spores (flagellated haploid and diploid zoospores)

33
Q

Phylum Zygomycota characteristics

A

Include common bread molds
Include a few human pathogens
Characteristics
Lack septa between hyphae except when forming sporangia or gametangia

34
Q

Phylum Glomeromycota

A 
Form intracellular symbioses with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae
Glomus, forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
Characteristics
Lack septa between hyphae
No evidence of sexual reproduction
35
Q

Phylum Ascomycota

A

Contain about 75% of the known fungi

Include yeasts, common molds, cup fungi, morels, and many serious plant pathogens

36
Q

Phylum Ascomycota characteristics

A

ascus and ascocarp

37
Q

Phylum Ascomycota sexual reproduction

A

Ascomycetes are named for a microscopic, sac-like, sexual spore-producing structure called an ascus
Asci form within the ascocarp = cup or morel structure formed during dikaryon stage
Within ascus meiosis and mitosis follow, producing 8 haploid nuclei that become walled sexual ascospores

38
Q

what are ascus

A

sexual spore-producing structure, sac-shaped

39
Q

what are ascocarp

A

cup or morel structure of dikaryon stage

40
Q

how are ascomycota named

A

Ascomycetes are named for a microscopic, sac-like, sexual spore-producing structure called an ascus

41
Q

Phylum Ascomycota asexual reproduction

A

more common. Occurs through conidium (pl. condia) which are asexual spores
Conidia formed at pinched ends of modified hyphae called conidiophores, asexual spore-producing structures

42
Q

Characteristics of yeast

A

unicellular, most produce asexual by budding or fiision. Can ferment carbohydrates. Breaks down glucose into ethanol and CO2

43
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota characteristics

A

basidium (pl. basidia) = sexual spore-producing structure, club-shaped
basidia are on basidiocarps = mushrooms = dikaryon stage

44
Q

Deuteromycetes were formerly called

A

imperfect fungi

45
Q

Deuteromycetes characteristics

A

No evidence of sexual reproduction
Many appear to be related to the Ascomycetes
Include economically important fungi
Penicillium for penicillin and blue cheeses
Aspergillus for soy sauce and paste

46
Q

Obligate symbiosis

A

partnership essential for fungus survival

47
Q

Facultative symbiosis

A

partnership is nonessential for fungus survival

48
Q

what are the Types of symbioses

A

parasitic, commensalistic, mutualistic, endophytic

49
Q

what is parasistic

A

pathogens) – benefit at expense of host (+/-)

50
Q

what is Commensalistic

A

– one partner benefits but other is neither harmed nor benefited (+/0)

51
Q

what is Mutualistic

A

both parties benefit

52
Q

Endophytic fungi

A

live in intercellular spaces inside plants
Commensal or mutualistic symbioses
Some fungi protect their hosts from herbivores by producing toxins

53
Q

what are lichens

A

are mutualistic symbioses between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (cyanobacteria or green algae)

54
Q

what are the three forms of lichen

A

fruticose (shrubby), foliose (leafy), crustose (crusty, includes squamulose = scaly)

55
Q

what is Mycorrhizae

A

Mutualistic symbioses between fungi and plants
Fungus gets carbon from plants
Plants get increased soil contact for increased water, mineral, and nutrient absorption
Found on the roots of about 90% of all known vascular plant species

56
Q

what is Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

Hyphae penetrate the root cell wall
70% of all plant species, most common
Fungal partners are Glomeromycetes

57
Q

what is Ectomycorrhizae

A

Hyphae surround but do not penetrate root cells
Most hosts are forest trees (pines,oaks)
Fungal partners are mostly Basidiomycetes

58
Q

what is Haustoria

A

specialized hyphae penetrate plant’s cell wall to absorb food

Biology section 2 (7 decks)

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