Chordates

Question 1

Hollow dorsal nerve cord

Answer 1

bundle of nerves running along body upper surface

Question 2

Pharyngeal gill slits

Answer 2

vertical slits in pharynx (gas exchange, food gathering)

Question 3

Endostyle

Answer 3

groove in pharynx produces mucus

Question 4

Metameric segmentation

Answer 4

= division of body muscles into segments (=somites) arranged serially one behind another

Question 5

what is in the subphylum urochordata and what are some attributes?

Answer 5

Tunicates which are marine animals
Exhibit neither a major body cavity nor visible segmentation

Question 6

what are the Subphylum Cephalochordata?

Answer 6

Lancelets including Amphioxus

Question 7

Lancelets characteristics

Answer 7

Scaleless, fishlike marine chordates
Notochord persists throughout animal’s life.

No head. burrow into the ground and look like a sword.

Question 8

Vertebral column in subphylum Vertabrata

Answer 8

= encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord

Question 9

Neural crest

Answer 9

unique group of embryonic cells that forms many vertebrate structures

Question 10

Fishes are the most diverse , true or false

Answer 10

True

Comprises over half of all vertebrates

Question 11

Characterisitcs of fish

Answer 11

1. Vertebral column - bone and/or cartilage
   
   2. Jaws
   3. Paired appendages
   4. Internal gills
   5. Single-loop blood circulation (2-chamber heart)
   6. Nutritional deficiencies = unable to make aromatic amino acids so must consume them, like all vertebrates
   7. Ectotherms = cold-blooded, most fishes

Question 12

Class Chondrichthyes

Answer 12

Sharks

they are Light, flexible skeleton, and paired fins made them superior swimmers

Question 13

Class Chondrichthyes are

Answer 13

cartilaginous fishes

Question 14

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Answer 14

electroreceptor organ

Question 15

lateral line system

Answer 15

Series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves

Question 16

Shark eggs are fertilized

Answer 16

internally, and pups are born alive.

Question 17

Supraclass Osteichthyes

Answer 17

Bony fishes

They adopted a heavy internal skeleton made completely of bone

Question 18

what is the swim bladder

Answer 18

A gas-filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density
Gas addition = Gas gland
Gas release = Oval body

Question 19

what is the Gill cover

Answer 19

A hard plate, the operculum, covers gills
Its flexing permits water pumping over gills

Question 20

Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii) are what percentage of all living fish?

Answer 20

90 percent

Question 21

Lobe-finned fishes (class Sarcopterygii) have how many living species

Answer 21

7

Ancensters of Amphibians

Question 22

Amphibians have several key characteristics

Answer 22

1. Legs
2. Lungs (no ribs, but pectoral and pelvic girdle)
3. Cutaneous respiration = across skin
4. Pulmonary veins
5. Partially divided heart (3-chamber; 2 atria, 1 ventricle)

Question 23

Successful invasion of lands by vertebrates required several adaptations

Answer 23

1. Legs to support body’s weight
2. Lungs to extract oxygen from air
3. Redesigned heart to drive larger muscles
4. Reproduction in H2O to prevent egg drying
5. System to prevent whole body desiccation

Question 24

Three orders of amphibians

Answer 24

Order Anura (“without tail”)
 Order Caudata (“visible tail”)
 Order Apoda (“without legs”)

Question 25

All living reptiles exhibit three key features

Answer 25

1. Amniotic eggs, which are watertight
2. Dry skin, which covers body and prevents water loss
3. Thoracic breathing, which increases lung capacity

Question 26

0 (anapsids) 1 (synapsids) 2 (diapsids)

refers to what?

Answer 26

number of holes on the skull

Question 27

How many chambers in a reptiles heart?

Answer 27

3

fish only have two

Question 28

Four orders of reptiles

Answer 28

Chelonia (turtles and tortoises)
Rhynchocephalia (tuataras)
Squamata (lizards and snakes)
Crocodylia (crocodiles and alligators)

Question 29

Tortoises are

Answer 29

terrestrial
Have dome-shaped shell

Question 30

Turtles are

Answer 30

mostly aquatic
Have disc-shaped shells

Question 31

Two major traits that distinguish Aves (birds)

Answer 31

Feathers and wings
Provide lift for flight and conserve heat
Flight skeleton
Bones are thin and hollow; many are fused (collarbone and keeled breastbone)

Question 32

Mammals differ from other vertebrates in 5
fundamental traits:

Answer 32

Hair (pelage)
Long, keratin-rich filaments that extend from hair follicles
Insulation, camouflage, sensory structure, defense
Mammary glands
Females possess mammary glands that secrete milk to nourish young; app. 50% of energy in milk derived from fat
Breathe air
Viviparous = give birth to live young
Endothermic depends on more efficient:
Circulation 4-chambered heart

Question 33

two subclasses of mammals

Answer 33

Subclass Prototheria (most primitive)
Lay shelled eggs
One living group (Monotremata)

Subclass Theria
Viviparous: Young are born alive
Two living groups (Marsupialia and placental mammals)

Question 34

Primates gave rise to

Answer 34

our species

Question 35

new world monkeys live in

Answer 35

trees/

Question 36

Old world monkeys dwell

Answer 36

on the ground or arboreal

Question 37

Homonoids are

Answer 37

apes and humans