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Biology section 2 > Protists > Flashcards

Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

endosymbiosis

A

organelles evolved by ; It is when one organism lives in another

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2
Q

Are organism with chloroplast monophyletic?

A

NO. They are not related to the nearest ancenstor.

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3
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote. An organism may then use that organism to its advantage.

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4
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

eukaryote cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has undergone primary endosymbiosis.

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5
Q

Protists are the most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms

A

mostly unicellular
solitary unicellular cells
colonial unicellular cells
filamentous unicellular cells

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6
Q

Protozoan are

A

heterotrophic protists

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7
Q

algae are

A

autotrophic protists

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8
Q

Are protists paraphyletic

A

yes; and not grouped by evolutionary relationships

15 major protist phyla are grouped into 7 major monophyletic groups

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9
Q

Protist biology; Cell surface

A

Plasma membrane
Extracellular material (ECM) in some
ex. diatoms have silica (SiO2)shells
Cell wall in some

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10
Q

Protist biology; Cysts

A

Dormant cell in some with resistant outer covering

Used for disease transmission

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11
Q

Protist biology; Motility

A

Flagellum, cilia, pseudopods

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12
Q

Flagellum characteristics

A

long whiplike tail of protein; one or few

ex. Euglena

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13
Q

Cilia characteristics

A

short, hair-like proteins; many

ex. Paramecium

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14
Q

Pseudopodia characteristics

A

cytoplasmic projections
Lobopods = large, blunt; ex. Ameoba
Filopods = thin, branching
Axopods = thin, long

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15
Q

Phototrophs

A

photosynthetic

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16
Q

Heterotrophs

A

energy from organic molecules of others

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17
Q

Phagotrophs

A

ingest particulate food matter through phagosomes (vesicles)

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18
Q

Osmotrophs

A

ingest soluble food matter

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19
Q

Mixotrophs

A

both phototrophic and heterotrophic

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20
Q

Reproduction

Asexual reproduction

A

Most common reproduction method

Some species have an unusual mitosis

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21
Q

Asexual reproduction methods

A

binary fusion, schizogomy, and budding

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22
Q

binary fusion

A

“parent” splits into 2 equal cells

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23
Q

Schizogony

A

multiple fission

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24
Q

Budding

A

= smaller progeny fall off “parent”

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25
Q

Sexual reproduction in fungi

A

Union of haploid gametes produced by meiosis
Not chosen by all, but most have ability
Source of genetic variety, along with spontaneous mutations
sexual reproduction in times of stress

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26
Q

What are the seven groups in fungi?

A

Diplomonadia and parabasalids, euglenozoa, alveolata, stramenopila, rhodophyta, chlorophyta, and choanoflagellida.

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27
Q

Diplomonads main feature

A

Have two nuclei

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28
Q

Parabasalids main feature

A

Have undulating membranes for locomotion

Some live in gut of termites and symbiotically digest cellulose

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29
Q

Euglenozoa characteristics

A 
1/3 have chloroplasts and photosynthetic
2/3 lack chloroplasts and heterotrophic
Characteristics
Most are freshwater
Pellicle = inter-locking protein strips in plasma membrane, tough but flexible
No sexual reproduction
Anterior flagella
Nuclear envelope remains through mitosis (like fungi)
30
Q

Contractile vacuoles do what

A

collect excess water

31
Q

stigma do what

A

locates light for photosynthesis

32
Q

Kinetoplastid features

A

Phylum: Euglenozoa
Characteristic
Have unique, single mitochondrion with DNA maxicircles and minicircles

33
Q

Dinoflagellates features

A

Unicellular
Live in marine and freshwater environments
Most are photosynthetic
Do not appear to be related to other phyla

34
Q

Dinoflagellates characteristics

A 
Two unequal flagella
Plates of cellulose armor encase cells
Reproduction is primarily asexual
DNA is not complexed with histones
Some bioluminesce
“Blooms” are responsible for red tide
35
Q

Apicomplexans characteristics

A 
Spore-forming animal parasites
Apical complex =
		unique arrangement
		of organelles at one
		end of cell
36
Q

Gregarines

A

Found in the intestines of
arthropods, annelids, and
molluscs

37
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Causes infections in humans
with immunosuppression
Passed from cat litter box to
developing fetus

38
Q

Plasmodium

A

Causes malaria

malaria eradication

39
Q

Ciliates named for

A

Cilia
large numbers around the cell
Some specialized functions as paddles, teeth, or feet

40
Q

Ciliates; Pellicle are

A

inter-locking protein strips in plasma membrane, tough but flexible

41
Q

Another main feature of ciliates

A

Two types of nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus) present in all

42
Q

Macronucleus

A

divides by mitosis

Responsible for physiological functions

43
Q

Micronucleus

A

divides by meiosis

Involved in conjugation = fusion of two cells of different mating types temporarily attach and exchange micronuclei

44
Q

Cilitaes; Alveolata have two vacuoles

A

food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles

45
Q

contractile vacuoles job

A

regulation of water balance

46
Q

what does a Cytoproct do

A

pore in pellicle of plasma membrane which releases waste

47
Q

two examples of ciliates aka alveolata

A

paramecium and strentor

48
Q

Stramenopila examples

A

brown algae, diatoms, golden algae, oomycetes

49
Q

Main characteristic of stramenopila

A

Very fine hairs on their flagella

A few species have lost their hairs during evolution

50
Q

Brown algae characteristics

A

Photosynthetic
Mostly marine
Reproduction thru alternation of generations: haploid gametophyte  diploid sporophyte

51
Q

Brown algaes photosynthetic pigment is

A

fucoxanthin

52
Q

what agent do brown algae produce

A

Produce thickening agent algin used in food and commercial products

53
Q

Diatoms characteristics

A 
Unicellular
Marine and freshwater
Some move using raphes = two long grooves lined with vibrating fibrils
Photosynthetic
Have unique double shells made of silica
54
Q

Golden algae characteristics

A

Unicellular
Most secrete silica capsules or resting cysts
Photosynthetic but if needed may become heterotrophic on diatoms and bacteria

55
Q

Oomycetes features

A

Were considered fungi (Ph. Oomycota)
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Either parasites or saprobes (= feed on dead organic matter)
Most found in water

56
Q

Oomycetes characteristics

A

Motile spores “zoospores” with 2 unequal flagella

Phytophthora infestans caused Irish potato famine

57
Q

Red algae features

A

Photosynthetic
Mostly marine, abundance of species
Range from unicellular to large multicellular
Reproduction thru alternation of generations
Origin is controversial, treated as sister clade of Division Chlorophyta (green algae)
lack flagella

58
Q

Red algae pigment accessory is

A

phycobilin

59
Q

Rhodophyta cell walls have

A

Coralline algae = calcareous deposits in cell walls
Produce thickening agents carrageenan and agar in cell walls
ice cream products
cosmetic products

60
Q

Chlorophyta (= Division Chlorophyta), including Spirogyra, Volvox are

A

green algae

61
Q

Chlorophyta features

A

Moving to Kingdom Viridiplantae
Photosynthetic
Marine and freshwater
Range from unicellular to large multicellular
Reproduction thru alternation of generations

62
Q

Chlorophyta characteristics

A

Predominance of chlorophylls over photosynthetic accessory pigments

63
Q

Choanoflagellates characteristics

A

contain a single emergent flagellum surrounded by a funnel-shaped, contractile collar
Use collar to feed on bacteria, similar to sponges

64
Q

Protists Without a Clade are

A

amoeba, rhizopoda or true ameoba, actinopoda, Foraminifera , and Slime molds

65
Q

Amoebas are paraphyletic

what are its characteristics

A

Pseudopodia = pseudopods

Movement through cytoplasmic streaming

66
Q

Rhizopoda characteristics

A

Polymorphic shape

Large pseudopods

67
Q

Actinopoda characteristics

A

Glassy exoskeletons made of silica produce distinct shape

Needlelike pseudopods

68
Q

Foraminifera characteristics

A

Tests = pore-studded, calcium carbonate shells
Thin pseudopodia emerge through pores in tests
Used for swimming and feeding
Heterotrophic
Marine
Reproduction thru alternation of generations
Live in sand or attached to other marine organisms

69
Q

Tests in Foraminifera are

A

pore-studded, calcium carbonate shells

70
Q

Slime mold characteristics

A

Oozing masses

Form spores when food or moisture is scarce to last for years

71
Q

plasmodial slime molds “moving slime” characteristics

A

large size but single cell
ingests bacteria and other organic material
stream along as a non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm, plasmodium
produces sporangium during times of resource shortage
forms spores that quickly undergo meiosis

72
Q

Cellular slime molds features

A

individual organisms behave as separate amoebas, moving through soil or other substrate and ingesting bacteria
when food is scarce, organisms aggregate to form a “slug”

Biology section 2 (7 decks)

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