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Biology section 2 > Prokaryotes (Bacteria) > Flashcards

Prokaryotes (Bacteria) Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

A 
Prokaryotes 			Eukaryotes
	Primitive 				Advanced
	Small cell size			Large cell size 
	Mostly unicellular		Mostly multicellular
	No membrane-bound	Membrane-bound 
		organelles				organelles
	Only asexual reprod.		Most have ability for sex.
							reprod.
	e.g. bacteria			e.g. humans
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2
Q

Prokaryotes are the oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life on earth.

A

5,000 different kinds currently recognized

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3
Q

Biomarkers

A

organic molecules of biological origin

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4
Q

Stromatolites

A

mats of cyanobacteria (=blue-green algae) that trap mineral deposits and form rocks

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Features: Unicellular

A

Most are single-celled
solitary unicellular cells
colonial unicellular cells
filamentous unicellular cells

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6
Q

Biofilm

A

communities of many species

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7
Q

Colony

A

group of 1 species attached to each other

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8
Q

Prokaryotic form shapes.

A

bacillus, coccus, spirillum

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9
Q

bacillus

A

(bacilli) straight and rod-shaped

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10
Q

coccus

A

spherical shaped

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11
Q

spirillum

A

(spirilla) long and helical shaped

spirochetes

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12
Q

Do prokaryotes have internal compartments

A

No internal compartmentalization

No membrane-bounded organelles

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13
Q

Internal membranes features

A

Invaginated cell membrane

Function in respiration or photosynthesis

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14
Q

Chromosome features

A

Single circular double-stranded DNA

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15
Q

Nucleoid

A

region of cell with chromosome

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16
Q

plasmids

A

circular accessory self-replicatingDNA molecules

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Smaller than eukaryotes and differ in protein and RNA content
Antibiotics target ribosomes to block protein synthesis, no effect on host because can’t bind to eukaryotic ribosomes

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18
Q

Plasma membrane, what are bacterias lipids

A

Bacteria lipids are unbranched
Fatty acid tails connected to glycerol by ester linkages
Same as eukaryotes

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19
Q

Archaea lipids

A

are branched
Fatty acid tails connected to glycerol by ether linkages
Some organized as tetraethers in a monolayer where tails overlayed to withstand high temperatures

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20
Q

Pili

A

Short, hair-like structures

Aid in attachment and conjugation (=exchange of genetic information, later in chapter)

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21
Q

Flagella

A

Long, helical structures
Single fiber of protein flagellin
Locomotion, spin like propellers

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22
Q

Cell walls of bacteria are made of

A

peptidoglycan; polysaccharides cross-linked with peptides

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23
Q

Archaea cell walls

A

lack peptidoglycan, some have pseudomurein which is similar in structure and function to peptidoglycan

24
Q

Gram positive bacteria color

A

purple

25
Q

Gram negative bacteria color

A

pink

26
Q

S-layer = surface layer

A

A rigid protein or glycoprotein outside layer of the cell wall in some bacteria and archaea
Aids in attachment or protection

27
Q

Capsule = sheath

A

A gelatinous layer surrounds cell wall found in some bacteria
Aids in attachment to surfaces or other cells
Protects from immune system of host

28
Q

Endospores are

A

Thick wall around genome and small portion of cytoplasm  dormant spore
Highly-resistant structures
Released upon cell lysis

29
Q

DNA replication

A

Bacteria has simple DNA replication

Archaea initiation of DNA replication more similar to eukaryotes

30
Q

Gene expression

A

Archaea transcription and translation are more similar to eukaryotes (presence of introns)
Bacteria have 1 RNA polymerase

31
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction where replicate chromosome then split in two

32
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Not through reproduction

Occurs through mutations and horizontal gene transfer

33
Q

gene transfer

A

passing of genes between individuals

34
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce

A

asexual. Do not reproduce sexually

35
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

passing of genes between individuals) allows for genetic recombination

36
Q

Conjugation

A

temporary cell-to-cell contact to transfer genetic material

37
Q

Transduction

A

bacteriophages bring new genetic material

38
Q

Transformation

A

pick up new genetic material from the environment

39
Q

Conjugation occurs with an F plasmid. what is f plasmid

A

genetic material
F+ cell contains the plasmid
F- cell do not

40
Q

F pilus are

A

extension of the cell wall

41
Q

what is Generalized transduction

A

Viruses package bacterial DNA with viral DNA accidently then transfer it to new host
Virtually any gene can be transferred

42
Q

what is Specialized transduction

A

Imprecise excision of viral DNA in host chromosome

Only a few genes can be transferred

43
Q

Generalized Transduction

A 
Infection with transducing phage
Transducing phage adheres to cell
Phage injects piece of chromosomal DNA
DNA incorporated by homologous recombination (=like meiosis crossing over)
Cell contains DNA from donor
44
Q

Natural transformation

A

DNA that is released from a dead cell is picked up by another live cell
DNA is incorporated by homologous recombination
Cell contains DNA from dead donor cell

45
Q

Artificial transformation

A

Accomplished in the lab

Used to transform Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria for molecular cloning

46
Q

Transduction and conjugation may spread genes for pathogenic traits from virulents

A

virulence plasmids

47
Q

Conjugation may spread antibiotic-resistant genes with

A

R (resistance) plasmids

48
Q

Autotroph

A

obtain carbon from inorganic CO2

49
Q

Photoautotroph

A

carry out photosynthesis to synthesize carbohydrates

50
Q

Oxygenic

A

produces by-product oxygen using pigment chlorophyll a (only eukaryotic photosynthesis), e.g. cyanobacteria

51
Q

Anoxygenic

A

produces by-product sulfur or sulfate using pigment bacteriochlorophyll, ex. purple and green sulfur bacteria

52
Q

Chemolithotroph

A

obtain energy from chemical bonds of inorganic molecules to synthesize carbohydrates (eukaryotes cannot do)

53
Q

Heterotroph

A

obtain carbon from organic molecules

54
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

use light as energy source but carbon from organic molecules, ex. purple and green nonsulfur bacteria

55
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

= obtain carbon and energy from organic molecules (most prokaryotes, also includes humans and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes), ex. decomposers, pathogens, carnivores

Biology section 2 (7 decks)

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