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2024 SEM 2 ETHICS > virtue ethics > Flashcards

virtue ethics Flashcards

1
Q

it is a habit, quality or characteristics that help a person achieve the good life

A

virtue

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2
Q

define virtue ethics

A

a moral theory that focuses on the development (constantly choose & practice everyday) of virtuous character

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3
Q

it concentrates on the character of the actor

A

virtue ethics

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4
Q

virtue ethics focuses on who

A

on the person performing the act

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5
Q

in virtue ethics, what is one question to ask one’s self when shaping moral identity

A

“what kind of person I should be”

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6
Q

what are the 3 normative ethical theories

A
  1. virtue ethics
  2. consequentialism
  3. deontological ethics
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7
Q

define normative ethical theories

A

theories seek to provide action guides, procedures for answering “what ought I to do “

define clear moral guidelines and principles for right and wrong conduct based on different ethical frameworks.

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8
Q

it is interested in determining the content oof our moral behaviour

A

normative ethics

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9
Q

normative ethis,
norm:

A

adjective
‘standard’ / ‘rule’

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10
Q

define consequentialism

A

hold tht moral worth of action should be judge by its consequences
good action = best consequences overall in the situation
(white lie = normally acceptable as long as outcome provides good results. hence, morally accepted)

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11
Q

define deontological ethics

A

tells u wht yr duties are
concerned with duties
“what shld i do?”
(lie-not morally corect)

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12
Q

deontological ethics,
deon:

A

in greek
‘obligation’ / ‘necessity’

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13
Q

where and when did Aristotle born

A

384 B.C
in Stagira, northern Greece

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14
Q

he is the Father Macedonia court physician

A

Aristotle

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15
Q

true of false:
at age 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato’s Academy

A

true

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16
Q

true or false:
he left 10 years later when Plato died

A

false - 20

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17
Q

true or false:
at age 29, he started tutoring 13 y/o Alexander

A

true

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18
Q

true or false:
Aristotle went off to pursue greatness after the tutor

A

false - Alexander

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19
Q

true or false: when Alexander died, Athens was in revolt

A

true

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20
Q

true or false:
anyone associated with Athens was persecuted & he was charged with impiety

A

false - Aristotle was charged with impiety not Athens

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21
Q

true or false:
Aristotle left Athens so it would not “commit a second sin against philosophy “

A

true

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22
Q

true or false:
Aristotle went back to Stagira and died at age 60. no one knew how or why he died

A

false - age 62

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23
Q

tribute to his son and father of Aristotle (keeping with the Greek practice of boys being named after their grandfathers)

A

nicomachus

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24
Q

emphasis on cultivating the character and virtues of an individual so that one becomes a virtuous person

A

virtue ethics

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25
Q

what is the book written by Aristotle named for Nicomachus

A

NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

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26
Q

telos

A

an end, fulfilment, completion, goal

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27
Q

everything has an end or purpose

A

Theory of Causation

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28
Q

what is our end/ purpose

A

happiness

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29
Q

define Eudaimonia

A

happiness
● focuses on the ultimate purpose/meaning of human life
● best described well-being, human flourishing, living well/good life.
● the purpose of man is to achieve eudaimonia which is a state of serene and permanent happiness, rather than the momentary exaltation of the senses

30
Q

how to search for the ultimate good/ ethical life

A

knowledge of good
aim at the right action to pursue
- right thoughts
- right words
- right action

31
Q

living life according to reason

A

develop and strengthening our rational thinking abilities to overcome impulsive desires and emotions = fulfil the purpose = happiness

32
Q

“Every virtue is a mean between 2 extremes, each of which is a vice”

A

Aristotle

33
Q

doctrine of the mean
[examples]

A

virtue is the mean of 2 extremes

vice (absence of virtue) <–> virtue (balanced) <–> vice (excess of virtue )

[cowardice > courage > rashness]

34
Q

in the east, what are closely intertwined

A

religion and philosophy

35
Q

is known as a religious tradition and recognized by scholars as a philosophical system for it provide views pertaining to morality

A

Confucianism

36
Q

“Good moral character is the first essential in a man”

A

George Washington

37
Q

who is Confucius &
birthplace (years of existence)

A

Kong Qiu
Kong Fu Tzu
Master Kong

Shantung, South Beijing (551-479 BCE)

38
Q

the gentleman vs the little man

A

JUNZI vs XIAOREN

39
Q

“When you see a worthy person, endeavor to emulate him. When you see an unworthy person, then examine your inner self.”

A

Confucius

40
Q

“A Gentleman would be ashamed should his deeds not match his words.”

A

Confucius

41
Q

what is the difference between JUNZI and XIAOREN

A

JUNZI [model of excellence]
goal: through education - create gentleman who carry themselves with grace, speak correctly and demonstrate integrity
act speak appropriately
moral person who leads by his character and conduct

XIAOREN [egoistic]
literally, small person
petty, small minded, narrowly self-interested, greedy, superficial or materialistic
cannot transcend personal concerns and prejudice and acts for his own gain

42
Q

“What gives value to one’s life is solely whether one follows the path of moral self-cultivation.”

A

Confucius

43
Q

“A great man i hard on himself, a small man is hard on others”

A

Confucius

44
Q

3 stages of moral excellence

A
  1. Apprentice – on his her way to become Junzi
  2. Junzi – moral ideal (emphasize moral excellence over social status)
  3. Sage – higher ideal (perfect harmony with others)
45
Q

“If you are the smartest person in the room, then you are in the wrong room”

A

Confucius

46
Q

briefly explain the Confucian Virtues

A

REN (jen)
benevolence, humanness
do things that promote the well being of other people compassion

LI (propriety/ decency)
do things that r appropriate in a given situation
proper ways of speaking, behaving, dressing

SHU (reciprocity)
doing thing in accordance with the golden rule
“ do not do unto others what u dw others do to u”

XIAO (filial piety)
love, respect, devotion to fam members

WEN (culture)
cultivate one’s sense of appreciation of culture
acquiring artistic skills in music, painting, dance

47
Q

other list of Confucian Virtues

A

humanity
propriety
righteousness
wisdom
trustworthiness

48
Q

true or false:
One could be a gentleman or noble despite not being born in an aristocratic family - family has a high social rank

A

true

49
Q

true or false:
A true Junzi loves learning.

A

true

50
Q

true or false:
One should use his/her knowledge to improve the society

A

true

51
Q

Thomas Aquinas born

A

From Aquino, Italy 13th Century

52
Q

Dominican priest

A

Thomas Aquinas

53
Q

Philosopher and classical proponent of Natural Theology

A

Thomas Aquinas

54
Q

what did Thomas Aquinas wrote

A

summa theologica and summa contra gentiles

55
Q

true or false:
Thomas Aquinas believed that humans naturally strive for perfection

A

true

56
Q

Aquinas on humans

A

● Humans naturally seeks perfection.
● Humans are equipped with powers or potentialities (reason)
Full potential = use of reason + moral development

Aquinas emphasized that humans can achieve their best selves by combining the use of reason with moral growth. This combination allows individuals to fulfill their capabilities and strive towards excellence in both intellect and character.

57
Q

what are the 3 ends of human beings

A
  1. to preserve life
  2. to reproduce
  3. to belong in society
58
Q

true or false:
The goodness or evilness of an act does not depends on whether it helps or hinders a person from achieving their ultimate end of happiness or perfection.

A

false - depends

59
Q

how to achieve happiness or perfection

A

consistent and proper use of intellectual and moral virtues

60
Q

virtue as the source of moral strength

A

By consistently working on developing virtuous qualities like honesty, courage, and kindness, individuals can enhance their moral character and become better at making ethical choices in their daily lives.

61
Q

discipline of the mind, perfects understanding of what is right and wrong

A

intellectual virtue

62
Q

habits that make one a good person

A

moral virtues
(prudence, justice, temperance, fortitude)

63
Q

moral virtues r also called

A

cardinal virtues

64
Q

what are the 4 cardinal virtues

A

prudence:
discern the appropriate course of action to be taken in a given situation at an appropriate time

justice:
fairness/ righteousness

temperance:
restraint, practice of self control

fortitude:
courage, strength, endurance, confront fear

65
Q

enlightenment resulting from the grace of God

A

theological virtues

66
Q

3 theological virtues

A

faith:
see everything w the eyes of God
hope:
trust in the goodness and power of God
charity:
love everybody w the heart of God

67
Q

the natural faculty of human reason to distinguish right from wrong

A

Conscience

68
Q

2 types of Conscience

A
  1. Synderesis – innate right reason to know good and evil.
  2. Conscientia – use synderesis to make appropriate decisions
69
Q

the real happiness

A

union w God

70
Q

interconnections are clearly manifested
virtue:
moral action:
character:

A

virtue: state of character
moral action: doing the right thing
character: part of one’s nature and personality

71
Q

____ + ____ = virtue

A

acting + feeling

72
Q

doing the right act with a feeling of pleasure and contentment or happiness.

A

Virtuous Person

2024 SEM 2 ETHICS (5 decks)

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