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Microbiology > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a virus

A

genetic element that can replicate only inside a living cell

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2
Q

what do viruses rely on the host cell for

A

energy , metabolic intermediates, and protein synthesis

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3
Q

what is the extracellular form of a virus

A

virion

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4
Q

a virus cannot replicate until it has done what

A

infect a host cell

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5
Q

how large are viruses

A

20-300nm

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6
Q

how many base pairs do viruses have

A

less than 700kbp

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7
Q

what is essential to the survival of a virion

A

the capsid

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8
Q

what is a capsid

A

a protein sheath containing the virus genome

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9
Q

what types of host does a virus use if it doesnt have a capsid

A

probably bacterial

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10
Q

if a virus has a capsid, what will it most likely use as its host

A

animal

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11
Q

what is it called when a virus has no envelope

A

naked

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12
Q

what is the envelope of a virus made of

A

protein plus lipid

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the virion

A

to protect the virus when it is outside of a host cell

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14
Q

what is a nucleocapsid

A

inner structure of nucleic acid plus the capsid protein (the whole thing)

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15
Q

what are the two ways a virus can infect the host

A

lytic or lysogenic

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16
Q

what is lytic infection

A

virus redirects hosts metabolism to support virus replication (host cell destroyed)

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17
Q

what is lysogenic infection

A

host cell is not destroyed but is genetically altered and the virus genome becomes part of the host genome

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18
Q

what is the protein that a capsid is made up of

A

capsomers

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19
Q

what is the nucleic acid for viruses

A

DNA OR RNA

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20
Q

how are virus nucleic acids further divided

A

single or double stranded, plus sense or minus sense

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21
Q

what is the shape of viral genomes

A

circular or linear

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22
Q

what is viral plus sense RNA synonymous to

A

exact same base pairing as viral mRNA

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23
Q

what is viral minus sense RNA

A

complimentary base pairing to viral mRNA

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24
Q

what types of viruses typically have the smallest genomes

A

RNA have smaller genome than DNA

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25
Q

what is another name for bacterial viruses

A

bacteriophages

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26
Q

virion assembly being a spontaneous process what is it called

A

self assembly

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27
Q

what are the two primary shapes for a virus

A

rod or spherical

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28
Q

what kind of symmetry do rod shaped bacteria have

A

helical

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29
Q

what kind of symmetry do spherical viruses have

A

icosahedral symmetry

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30
Q

where does a non-enveloped virus get its envelope from

A

it gets it from the host cell upon infection (takes host cell membrane)

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31
Q

how many faces does an icosahedron have

A

20 triangular faces and 12 vertices

32
Q

axes of symmetry divide an icosahedron into how many segments

A

5, 3, or 2

33
Q

is an icosahedron or a rod preferable to a virus

A

icosahedron is preferred because it takes less capsomers to make

34
Q

what is the most complex viral shape

A

head-plus-tail

35
Q

most enveloped viruses affect what

A

animals

36
Q

why do you not find enveloped viruses in bacteria and plants

A

because they have cell walls and these are much more difficult tp penetrate

37
Q

why are envelopes so important to viruses

A

its what comes into contact with animal cells and the two membranes must fuse before penetration

38
Q

what on the virus envelope allows for attachment to the host cell

A

there are embedded proteins in the virus envelope (often glycoproteins)

39
Q

what do naked viruses use to attach to the host cell

A

peplomers

40
Q

what must a virus do first in order to replicate itself

A

it must take infect a host cell

41
Q

why can a virus not use a dead host cell in order to replicate

A

there are energy requirements so it needs a living cell to get energy from

42
Q

what are the 5 steps of viral replication

A

attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release

43
Q

what happens in attachment of a viral cell

A

virus attaches to host

44
Q

what happens in penetration of a virus

A

enters host cell and injects its genome

45
Q

what happens in synthesis of a virus

A

makes new genetic material using the host cell energy and nutrients

46
Q

what happens in assembly of a virus

A

package genomes into new individual viruses

47
Q

what happens in the release of viruses

A

viruses are released from the host cell (lysis)

48
Q

what are the ways virions can be released from a cell

A

lysis, budding, excretion

49
Q

when we treat viral infections what are we trying to do

A

trying to use antibodies to block attachment of virus to host cells

50
Q

what are two ways that a virus can resist the defenses of the host

A

restriction endonucleases

nucleic acid modifications

51
Q

what is a temperatre virus

A

double stranded DNA virus that can infect host long term in a stable relationship

52
Q

what nucleic acid does class 3 viruses have

A

double stranded RNA

53
Q

what nucleic acid does class 4 viruses have

A

single strranded positive RNA

54
Q

what nucleic acid does class 5 viruses have

A

single stranded negative RNA

55
Q

what nucleic acid does class 6 viruses have

A

single stranded positive RNA

56
Q

what nucleic acid does coronaviruses have

A

ssRNA (+)

57
Q

what nucleic acid does the polio virus have

A

ssRNA(+)

58
Q

what kinda of viruses have ssRNA(-)

A

rhabdoviruses, orthmyxovirus, paramyxovirus

59
Q

how are viruses identified for immunizations

A

H_N_

60
Q

what does H refer to

A

hemagluttinin

61
Q

what does N refer to

A

Neuraminidase

62
Q

what kind of nucleic acid does class 1 and 7 viruses have

A

dsDNA

63
Q

what kind of nucleic acid does class 2 viruses have

A

ssDNA(+)

64
Q

what class of viruses uses reverse transcriptase

A

class 6 viruses

65
Q

what is reverse transcription

A

process of copying RNA into DNA

66
Q

what is the phenomena of overlapping genes

A

insufficient DNA to encode all viral-specific proteins unless parts of the genome are read multiple times in different reading frames

67
Q

why is hemagluttinin so important in immunizations

A

hemmaglutinin is highly immunogenic

68
Q

what is the function of neuraminidase

A

breaks down sialic acid in host cytoplasmic membrane

69
Q

why does antigenic shift occur

A

RNA makes mistakes and cannt go back and fix them like DNA can

70
Q

why does antigenic drift happen

A

more so mutations to the virus over time (much slower than shift)

71
Q

what are the two sub viral particles

A

viroids and prions

72
Q

what do viroids typically infect

A

plants

73
Q

what are viroids most importantly missing

A

proteins

74
Q

what do prions infect

A

only animals

75
Q

what important thing are prions lacking

A

no nucleic acid

76
Q

what do prions transmit

A

spongiophore enecephalopathies (mad cow disease, scrapie)

77
Q

how do prions do their damage

A

cause proteins in host cells to fold incorrectly, losing their function

Microbiology (6 decks)

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