Exam 1 Flashcards
approximately how long has there been life
3.8 billion years
how old is the planet
4.6 or roughly 5 billion years old
how long have humans been on earth in the clock metaphor
1 second to midnight
what do many modern microorganisms require
oxygen
why are cyanobacteria not algae
they do not have a nucleus, used to be called blue green algae
what is anoxygenic photosynthesis
photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen
what is the normal photosynthesis that we all know called
oxygenic photosynthesis- oxygen is produced
what is a rough definition for evolution
physical changed based on the environment
which domain is archaea most like
eukarya, even though one has a nucleus and the other does not
how are things classified in a kingdom setup
morphologically
how are things classified in a domain setup
phylogentic relationships (nucleic acids)
what were the first things to inhabit the planet
bacteria
what is one of the biggest disasters to ever happen to the planet
the oxygenation of it, most life was anoxic so the oxygen killed them off but allowed for other life to proliferate
what caused the oxigenatiton of the planet
cyanobacteria
what are microorganisms in brief
something very small not able to be seen by the naked eye
what are the 5 kingdoms
monera, fungi, protista, animalia, plantae
what kingdoms can microorganisms come from
monera, fungi, protista, and animalia (4 of the 5 kingdoms)
who discovered archaea
carl woese (1970)
how did carl woese discover archaea
prokaryotes in yellow stone parks octopus spring had no nucleus but was more evolutionarily similar tto eukaryotc organisms
what is the newest domain
archaea
what is the stem between bacteria and archaea called
nuclear line (not in reference to possessing nucleus)
whats the formal definition of microbiology
the study of microscopic life forms: microorganisms or microbes. The study of the basic and applied aspects of microorganisms
how long ago did eukaryotes arise
about 2 billion years ago
what percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen currently
about 20%
why is it debatable if viruses are alive or not
they are acellular, and life is defined by possessing cells
what is the only field of biology that studies viruses
microbiology
what are 3 ways to break down what one studies within microbiology
organisms studied, general area of application, specific process studied
what are some examples of organisms studied in microbiology
bacteriology, protozoology, phycology, virology
what are some examples of areas of application in microbiology
environmental, aquatic, agricultural, industrial, pathogenic, biotechnology
what are some specific processes studied in microbiology
anatomy, systematics, morphology, genetics, ecology, physiology
what is a prokaryote in a metaphorical definition
little bags of biochemistry
what are some reasons to study microbiology
biological processes, origins of life, nutrient cycling
are microorganisms more negative or positive
many more positive than negative
how did microorganisms revolutionize insulin
human gene into e coli then extract, no genetic variance
what is a disease
disruption of normal body function
what are the basics of cell theory
living is composed of cells, cells smallest units of life, cells arise from preexisting cells, all cells derived from 1st ever cell
what are the basics of life
complex cellular structure, nucleic acids for genetic storage material, development, reproduction, respond to environmental stimuli, evolve over time
why are viruses not alive
they are not cellular
what is the famous quote of louis pasteur
the microbes will have the last word
why was the study of microbiology developed so late
needed microscopes to be invented first to see at a microscopic level
who coined the term cell
Hooke
who created the microscopes that allowed for the discovery of microorganisms
leevwenhoek (textile merchant)
what magnification was leevenhoek able to get to
400x
what is the theoretical max for any microscope today
1500-2000x
who is the father of microbiology
pasteur (french chemist)
who disproved spontaneous generation
pasteur
what was cohn notable for in microbiology
culture techniques, heat fixing
who created the germ theory of disease
pasteur and koch
what is germ theory
microorganisms can cause disease
who is the father of medical microbiology
koch
what must one do before they state what causes a disease
satisfy all of koch’s postulates
what brought about the antibiotic era
the creation of penicilin
who created penicilin
fleming
who is responsible for the first vaccination and what was it for
jenner for smallpox
what is meant by the golden age of microbiology
where the foundation if microbiology was established
what is a bacteriophage
a virus
what is a chemotherapeutic
a chemical agent used to treat a disease
what is the difference between a chemotherapeutic and an antibiotic
antibiotics are derived from natural things such as penicilin being derived from a fungi, chemotherapeutics are fully synthetic and lab created
how old is microbiology as a science
around 150 years old
when is the golden age of microbiology
1860-1920
what was pasteurs work in before microbiology
wine fermentation
what is the basic way pasteur disproved spontaneous generation
broth in conical flask, bend the neck of the stem into swan neck. bacteria get trapped in the curvature but its still open to the environment
what is pasteurization
using heat to kill bacteria to keep foods from spoiling so quickly
who made foundation for aseptic technique
pasteur
what were the main findings of koch
petri plates as solid media, kocks postulates, causative agent for tuberculosis, helped establish germ theory, how to make pure cultures
how does one make a pure culture
dilution series: will eventually reach one microorganism then let it multiply on solid media (petri plate usage)
