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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

approximately how long has there been life

A

3.8 billion years

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2
Q

how old is the planet

A

4.6 or roughly 5 billion years old

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3
Q

how long have humans been on earth in the clock metaphor

A

1 second to midnight

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4
Q

what do many modern microorganisms require

A

oxygen

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5
Q

why are cyanobacteria not algae

A

they do not have a nucleus, used to be called blue green algae

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6
Q

what is anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen

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7
Q

what is the normal photosynthesis that we all know called

A

oxygenic photosynthesis- oxygen is produced

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8
Q

what is a rough definition for evolution

A

physical changed based on the environment

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9
Q

which domain is archaea most like

A

eukarya, even though one has a nucleus and the other does not

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10
Q

how are things classified in a kingdom setup

A

morphologically

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11
Q

how are things classified in a domain setup

A

phylogentic relationships (nucleic acids)

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12
Q

what were the first things to inhabit the planet

A

bacteria

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13
Q

what is one of the biggest disasters to ever happen to the planet

A

the oxygenation of it, most life was anoxic so the oxygen killed them off but allowed for other life to proliferate

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14
Q

what caused the oxigenatiton of the planet

A

cyanobacteria

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15
Q

what are microorganisms in brief

A

something very small not able to be seen by the naked eye

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16
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

monera, fungi, protista, animalia, plantae

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17
Q

what kingdoms can microorganisms come from

A

monera, fungi, protista, and animalia (4 of the 5 kingdoms)

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18
Q

who discovered archaea

A

carl woese (1970)

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19
Q

how did carl woese discover archaea

A

prokaryotes in yellow stone parks octopus spring had no nucleus but was more evolutionarily similar tto eukaryotc organisms

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20
Q

what is the newest domain

A

archaea

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21
Q

what is the stem between bacteria and archaea called

A

nuclear line (not in reference to possessing nucleus)

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22
Q

whats the formal definition of microbiology

A

the study of microscopic life forms: microorganisms or microbes. The study of the basic and applied aspects of microorganisms

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23
Q

how long ago did eukaryotes arise

A

about 2 billion years ago

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24
Q

what percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen currently

A

about 20%

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25
Q

why is it debatable if viruses are alive or not

A

they are acellular, and life is defined by possessing cells

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26
Q

what is the only field of biology that studies viruses

A

microbiology

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27
Q

what are 3 ways to break down what one studies within microbiology

A

organisms studied, general area of application, specific process studied

28
Q

what are some examples of organisms studied in microbiology

A

bacteriology, protozoology, phycology, virology

29
Q

what are some examples of areas of application in microbiology

A

environmental, aquatic, agricultural, industrial, pathogenic, biotechnology

30
Q

what are some specific processes studied in microbiology

A

anatomy, systematics, morphology, genetics, ecology, physiology

31
Q

what is a prokaryote in a metaphorical definition

A

little bags of biochemistry

32
Q

what are some reasons to study microbiology

A

biological processes, origins of life, nutrient cycling

33
Q

are microorganisms more negative or positive

A

many more positive than negative

34
Q

how did microorganisms revolutionize insulin

A

human gene into e coli then extract, no genetic variance

35
Q

what is a disease

A

disruption of normal body function

36
Q

what are the basics of cell theory

A

living is composed of cells, cells smallest units of life, cells arise from preexisting cells, all cells derived from 1st ever cell

37
Q

what are the basics of life

A

complex cellular structure, nucleic acids for genetic storage material, development, reproduction, respond to environmental stimuli, evolve over time

38
Q

why are viruses not alive

A

they are not cellular

39
Q

what is the famous quote of louis pasteur

A

the microbes will have the last word

40
Q

why was the study of microbiology developed so late

A

needed microscopes to be invented first to see at a microscopic level

41
Q

who coined the term cell

A

Hooke

42
Q

who created the microscopes that allowed for the discovery of microorganisms

A

leevwenhoek (textile merchant)

43
Q

what magnification was leevenhoek able to get to

A

400x

44
Q

what is the theoretical max for any microscope today

A

1500-2000x

45
Q

who is the father of microbiology

A

pasteur (french chemist)

46
Q

who disproved spontaneous generation

A

pasteur

47
Q

what was cohn notable for in microbiology

A

culture techniques, heat fixing

48
Q

who created the germ theory of disease

A

pasteur and koch

49
Q

what is germ theory

A

microorganisms can cause disease

50
Q

who is the father of medical microbiology

A

koch

51
Q

what must one do before they state what causes a disease

A

satisfy all of koch’s postulates

52
Q

what brought about the antibiotic era

A

the creation of penicilin

53
Q

who created penicilin

A

fleming

54
Q

who is responsible for the first vaccination and what was it for

A

jenner for smallpox

55
Q

what is meant by the golden age of microbiology

A

where the foundation if microbiology was established

56
Q

what is a bacteriophage

A

a virus

57
Q

what is a chemotherapeutic

A

a chemical agent used to treat a disease

58
Q

what is the difference between a chemotherapeutic and an antibiotic

A

antibiotics are derived from natural things such as penicilin being derived from a fungi, chemotherapeutics are fully synthetic and lab created

59
Q

how old is microbiology as a science

A

around 150 years old

60
Q

when is the golden age of microbiology

A

1860-1920

61
Q

what was pasteurs work in before microbiology

A

wine fermentation

62
Q

what is the basic way pasteur disproved spontaneous generation

A

broth in conical flask, bend the neck of the stem into swan neck. bacteria get trapped in the curvature but its still open to the environment

63
Q

what is pasteurization

A

using heat to kill bacteria to keep foods from spoiling so quickly

64
Q

who made foundation for aseptic technique

A

pasteur

65
Q

what were the main findings of koch

A

petri plates as solid media, kocks postulates, causative agent for tuberculosis, helped establish germ theory, how to make pure cultures

66
Q

how does one make a pure culture

A

dilution series: will eventually reach one microorganism then let it multiply on solid media (petri plate usage)

Microbiology (6 decks)

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