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Old exam questions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endoflagella are associated with motility in what

A

spirochetes

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2
Q

a biased movement away from an environmental stimulus is called

A

taxis

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3
Q

the energy required to rotate a flagellum in most prokaryotes is provided directly by

A

PMF

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4
Q

a flagellar arrangement in which multiple flagella originate from multiple points around the cell

A

peritrichous

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5
Q

a flagellar arrangement in which several flagella originate from a small area on a cell

A

amphitrichous

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6
Q

wheter a bacterial cell is moving towards an attractant or a repellant is sensed by

A

change in concentration over time

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7
Q

in the e. coli model of chemotaxis, which of the following is the transducer for sensing levels of a chemical

A

MCP

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8
Q

as an e. coli cell travels towards the source of an attractant, the cell continues to be able to sense that the attractant concentration is increasing. this capability of the chemotaxis system is called

A

transduction

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9
Q

sulfur granules are most commonly associated with certain species of

A

anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

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10
Q

which of the following lipid like cytoplasmic inclusions used for storing carbon/energy in some bacteria

A

polyhydroxalkanoate granules

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11
Q

a bacterial glycocalyx is made up of what

A

polypeptides or polysaccharides depending on the species

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12
Q

which of the following is generally not a potential function of the bacterial glycocalyx

A

motility in some species of bacteria

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13
Q

which of the following is one of the main ways that a capsule is distinguished from a slime layer

A

degree of organization of the slime layer/capsule

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14
Q

in some bacteria pili are involved in an exchange of genetic information between cells through the process of

A

conjugation

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15
Q

which of the following is uniquely found in bacterial endospores

A

dipicolinic acid

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16
Q

starting from the outside surface of a mature bacterial endospore and traveling inward, in what order are the parts of the endospore encountered

A

exosporum, spore coat, cortex, core

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17
Q

bacterial endospores are produced by a relatively restricted evolutionary lineage of

A

gram positive bacteria

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18
Q

which of the following may serve as a source of carbon during the germination of enospores

A

SASP’s

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19
Q

gas vessicles are most likely to be found in which of the following groups

A

aquatic cyanobacteria

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20
Q

the wall of a gas vessicle is composed of

A

phospholipids

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21
Q

which of the following is true of the wall of a gas vessicle

A

it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, it is used to store oxygen for metabolism, it is permeable to gas but not water

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22
Q

the main function of a gas vessicle is to

A

the function is largely unknown

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23
Q

when does bacterial endospore formation typically occur

A

when bacterial growth stops due to exhaustion

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24
Q

bacterial cells lacking the ___ either naturally or due to mutation would be expected to be coccus shaped

A

MreB protein

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25
Q

pole to pole oscillations of the ___ allow a cell to determine the cell center where division is to occur

A

MinCDE

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26
Q

when the size of a population doubles in a constant time period, growth is said to be

A

exponental

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27
Q

the majority of prokaryotes divide by the process of

A

binary fission

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28
Q

which of the following are involved in the actual division of a bacterial cell

A

both Mre and Fts

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29
Q

the time interval required for the formation of two cells from one is the

A

generation time, gorwth time, growth rate

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30
Q

the major shape determining proteins in bacterial cells probably function by directing the location of

A

cell wall synthesis

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31
Q

septum formation in prokaryotes is analogous to what process in eukaryotes

A

cytokinesis

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32
Q

under which of the following scenarios might you expect the lag phase following transfer to be the shortest

A

transfer of actively growing cells to fresh medium of the same type but at a lower temperature

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33
Q

the rate at which the number of cells in a population increases is proportional to the number of cells in the population is the definition of

A

unrestricted growth

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34
Q

the complex of proteins responsible for dividing a bacterial cell is called a

A

divisome

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35
Q

which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by unrestricted growth

A

lag

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36
Q

for many experiments on bacteria it is desireable for the cells in the culture to be as physiologically similar as possible. during which phase of bacterial growth curve is this most likely to be the case

A

stationary

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37
Q

which of the following statements is true

A

micronutrients are metals and crowth factors are organic

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38
Q

most hypothermophiles are

A

archaeans

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39
Q

micronutrients generally function in bacterial cells as

A

enzyme cofactors

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40
Q

denaturation of proteins is one of the main things that determines

A

maximum growth temperature

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41
Q

compatible solutes are used by some bacteria to adjust to changes in environmental

A

water availability

42
Q

in what type of habitat might you expect to find an obligate alkalinophile

A

soda lake

43
Q

a microorganism with a specific requirement for high levels of sodium would be called what

A

halophilic

44
Q

microorganisms in which of the following category might you expect to find in near boiling springs

A

hyperthermophile

45
Q

microorganisms able to live in an environment with a high sugar concentration are

A

osmophiles

46
Q

which of the following forms of oxygen is typically toxic to living organisms

A

peroxide anion, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion

47
Q

an organism that can live in the presence of oxygen but will not use it metabolically is what

A

aerotolerant anaerobe

48
Q

an organism that can live with or without oxygen but will use oxygen metabolically if it is available is what

A

facultative anaerobe

49
Q

some bacteria such as staphlococci can live in the presence of oxygen but do not produce catalase. how do these organisms deal with toxis peroxide form of oxygen formed in the cell

A

peroxide dismutase

50
Q

superoxide dismutase and catalase work together to convert super oxide to what

A

ozone

51
Q

microbiology was advanced to an independent science during which of the following periods

A

1860-1920

52
Q

the oxygenation of the earths environment was started by

A

cyanobacteria

53
Q

in which domain of life are microorganisms represented

A

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

54
Q

the discovery of the ____ in the 1970s lead to the development of the domain classification system

A

archaea

55
Q

which two domains are most similar structurally

A

bacteria and archaea

56
Q

which two domains are most similar phylogenetically

A

bacteria and archaea

57
Q

the free living evolutionary precursors of the mitochondrion and chloroplast are members of what comain

A

bacteria and archaea

58
Q

which of the following is an example of an acellular microorganism

A

bacteria

59
Q

regarding early life on earth

A

microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life

60
Q

developments in the fields of medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of

A

koch

61
Q

responsible for the conclusively disproving the idea of spontaneous generation using microorganisms

A

pasteur

62
Q

developed a set of steps for establishing that a particular microorganism was responsible for causing a specific disease

A

koch

63
Q

discovered the existence of a structure called endospores in some bacteria

A

cohn

64
Q

koch’s greatest accomplishment in the field of medical bacteriology was with

A

m. tuberculosis

65
Q

discovered a unique group of prokaryotes in the 1970s

A

woese

66
Q

why are epilopiscium and thimargarita nambiense considered to be so unusual

A

they are unusually large prokaryotic organisms

67
Q

which of the following is not one of the techniques passed down to todays microbiologists by pasteur

A

the use of solidified media

68
Q

organisms most likely to be found in extreme environments are

A

archaea

69
Q

which of the following side ranges is typical of prokaryotic cells

A

1-10microns

70
Q

a species that characteristically produces a tetrad morphology as ___ perferred planes of cell division

A

3

71
Q

often describes as a curved rod the ___ morphology is actually a spiral making less than one full turn

A

vibrio

72
Q

the cytoplasmic membrane could be best described as

A

a highly selective permeable barrier

73
Q

regarding membrane linkages which statement is true

A

bacteria and eukarya have ester linkages, archaea have ether linkages

74
Q

the polysaccharide pseudomurein is present in the walls of

A

some archaea

75
Q

the lipopolysaccharaide (LPS) layer is found in only the cell wall of

A

gram negative bacteria

76
Q

an endotoxin is

A

the toxin produced in the periplasm of most bacteria

77
Q

based on our present understanding which of the following is probably true

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya all diverged from a common universal ancestor

78
Q

all of the following are true of bacteria outer membrane except

A

it is only found in gram positive bacteria

79
Q

appendaged bacteria

A

possess tubular or stalk like extensions of their cells

80
Q

the prokaryotic chromosome is

A

also known as a plasmid

81
Q

amino acids in the D conformation are typically found in

A

peptidoglycans

82
Q

which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes spirilla from cpirochete

A

spirilla have few turns per cell, spirochetes have many turns per cell

83
Q

the tetraether molecule structure of the ___ yields a lipid____

A

bacteria/monolayer

84
Q

all of the following are true of the cell membrane except

A

it is composed primarily of phospholipids and proteins

85
Q

which of the following groups typically lacks a cell wall

A

archaea

86
Q

takes the place of cholesterol as the membrane stabilizing molecule in many bacteria

A

hopanoids

87
Q

the PMF in prokaryotes is generated across the

A

cell membrane

88
Q

the peptide interbridge crosslinking is typically found in the cell walls of

A

gram positive bacteria

89
Q

negatively charged molecules that are partially responsible for the negative charge of the gram positive bacterial cell surface

A

lipotechoid acid

90
Q

which of the following is susceptable to being degraded by lysozyme

A

peptidoglycan

91
Q

which of the following groups has a structure containing n-acetyl-talosaminuronic acid

A

archaea

92
Q

a paracrystalline layer of protein serving as a replacement/additional cell wall in some prokaryotes

A

s-layer

93
Q

the periplasm is a

A

region between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of gram negative bacteria

94
Q

members of the domain bacteria stain as gram positive or gram negative because of differences in

A

cell wall

95
Q

which of the following types of transmembrane transport is unique to prokaryotes

A

facilitated diffusion

96
Q

which of the following types of transmembrane transport hydrolyzes ATP as a source of energy

A

ABC systems

97
Q

a bacterial cell is using PMF to provide the energy to move sodium ions from the cytoplasm to the environment through a transmembrane protein. this transport is an example of

A

facilitated diffusion

98
Q

the transport system that involves a substrate binding protein, a membrane integrated transporter, and an ATP hydrolyzing protein is

A

group translocation

99
Q

which of the following typically provides the energy for transport by a phosphotransferase system

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

100
Q

all of the following are functions of the bacterial cell wall except

A

is the basis for serotyping using the o-antigen

Microbiology (6 decks)

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