Old exam questions Flashcards
endoflagella are associated with motility in what
spirochetes
a biased movement away from an environmental stimulus is called
taxis
the energy required to rotate a flagellum in most prokaryotes is provided directly by
PMF
a flagellar arrangement in which multiple flagella originate from multiple points around the cell
peritrichous
a flagellar arrangement in which several flagella originate from a small area on a cell
amphitrichous
wheter a bacterial cell is moving towards an attractant or a repellant is sensed by
change in concentration over time
in the e. coli model of chemotaxis, which of the following is the transducer for sensing levels of a chemical
MCP
as an e. coli cell travels towards the source of an attractant, the cell continues to be able to sense that the attractant concentration is increasing. this capability of the chemotaxis system is called
transduction
sulfur granules are most commonly associated with certain species of
anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
which of the following lipid like cytoplasmic inclusions used for storing carbon/energy in some bacteria
polyhydroxalkanoate granules
a bacterial glycocalyx is made up of what
polypeptides or polysaccharides depending on the species
which of the following is generally not a potential function of the bacterial glycocalyx
motility in some species of bacteria
which of the following is one of the main ways that a capsule is distinguished from a slime layer
degree of organization of the slime layer/capsule
in some bacteria pili are involved in an exchange of genetic information between cells through the process of
conjugation
which of the following is uniquely found in bacterial endospores
dipicolinic acid
starting from the outside surface of a mature bacterial endospore and traveling inward, in what order are the parts of the endospore encountered
exosporum, spore coat, cortex, core
bacterial endospores are produced by a relatively restricted evolutionary lineage of
gram positive bacteria
which of the following may serve as a source of carbon during the germination of enospores
SASP’s
gas vessicles are most likely to be found in which of the following groups
aquatic cyanobacteria
the wall of a gas vessicle is composed of
phospholipids
which of the following is true of the wall of a gas vessicle
it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, it is used to store oxygen for metabolism, it is permeable to gas but not water
the main function of a gas vessicle is to
the function is largely unknown
when does bacterial endospore formation typically occur
when bacterial growth stops due to exhaustion
bacterial cells lacking the ___ either naturally or due to mutation would be expected to be coccus shaped
MreB protein
pole to pole oscillations of the ___ allow a cell to determine the cell center where division is to occur
MinCDE
when the size of a population doubles in a constant time period, growth is said to be
exponental
the majority of prokaryotes divide by the process of
binary fission
which of the following are involved in the actual division of a bacterial cell
both Mre and Fts
the time interval required for the formation of two cells from one is the
generation time, gorwth time, growth rate
the major shape determining proteins in bacterial cells probably function by directing the location of
cell wall synthesis
septum formation in prokaryotes is analogous to what process in eukaryotes
cytokinesis
under which of the following scenarios might you expect the lag phase following transfer to be the shortest
transfer of actively growing cells to fresh medium of the same type but at a lower temperature
the rate at which the number of cells in a population increases is proportional to the number of cells in the population is the definition of
unrestricted growth
the complex of proteins responsible for dividing a bacterial cell is called a
divisome
which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by unrestricted growth
lag
for many experiments on bacteria it is desireable for the cells in the culture to be as physiologically similar as possible. during which phase of bacterial growth curve is this most likely to be the case
stationary
which of the following statements is true
micronutrients are metals and crowth factors are organic
most hypothermophiles are
archaeans
micronutrients generally function in bacterial cells as
enzyme cofactors
denaturation of proteins is one of the main things that determines
maximum growth temperature
compatible solutes are used by some bacteria to adjust to changes in environmental
water availability
in what type of habitat might you expect to find an obligate alkalinophile
soda lake
a microorganism with a specific requirement for high levels of sodium would be called what
halophilic
microorganisms in which of the following category might you expect to find in near boiling springs
hyperthermophile
microorganisms able to live in an environment with a high sugar concentration are
osmophiles
which of the following forms of oxygen is typically toxic to living organisms
peroxide anion, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion
an organism that can live in the presence of oxygen but will not use it metabolically is what
aerotolerant anaerobe
an organism that can live with or without oxygen but will use oxygen metabolically if it is available is what
facultative anaerobe
some bacteria such as staphlococci can live in the presence of oxygen but do not produce catalase. how do these organisms deal with toxis peroxide form of oxygen formed in the cell
peroxide dismutase
superoxide dismutase and catalase work together to convert super oxide to what
ozone
microbiology was advanced to an independent science during which of the following periods
1860-1920
the oxygenation of the earths environment was started by
cyanobacteria
in which domain of life are microorganisms represented
archaea, bacteria, eukarya
the discovery of the ____ in the 1970s lead to the development of the domain classification system
archaea
which two domains are most similar structurally
bacteria and archaea
which two domains are most similar phylogenetically
bacteria and archaea
the free living evolutionary precursors of the mitochondrion and chloroplast are members of what comain
bacteria and archaea
which of the following is an example of an acellular microorganism
bacteria
regarding early life on earth
microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life
developments in the fields of medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of
koch
responsible for the conclusively disproving the idea of spontaneous generation using microorganisms
pasteur
developed a set of steps for establishing that a particular microorganism was responsible for causing a specific disease
koch
discovered the existence of a structure called endospores in some bacteria
cohn
koch’s greatest accomplishment in the field of medical bacteriology was with
m. tuberculosis
discovered a unique group of prokaryotes in the 1970s
woese
why are epilopiscium and thimargarita nambiense considered to be so unusual
they are unusually large prokaryotic organisms
which of the following is not one of the techniques passed down to todays microbiologists by pasteur
the use of solidified media
organisms most likely to be found in extreme environments are
archaea
which of the following side ranges is typical of prokaryotic cells
1-10microns
a species that characteristically produces a tetrad morphology as ___ perferred planes of cell division
3
often describes as a curved rod the ___ morphology is actually a spiral making less than one full turn
vibrio
the cytoplasmic membrane could be best described as
a highly selective permeable barrier
regarding membrane linkages which statement is true
bacteria and eukarya have ester linkages, archaea have ether linkages
the polysaccharide pseudomurein is present in the walls of
some archaea
the lipopolysaccharaide (LPS) layer is found in only the cell wall of
gram negative bacteria
an endotoxin is
the toxin produced in the periplasm of most bacteria
based on our present understanding which of the following is probably true
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya all diverged from a common universal ancestor
all of the following are true of bacteria outer membrane except
it is only found in gram positive bacteria
appendaged bacteria
possess tubular or stalk like extensions of their cells
the prokaryotic chromosome is
also known as a plasmid
amino acids in the D conformation are typically found in
peptidoglycans
which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes spirilla from cpirochete
spirilla have few turns per cell, spirochetes have many turns per cell
the tetraether molecule structure of the ___ yields a lipid____
bacteria/monolayer
all of the following are true of the cell membrane except
it is composed primarily of phospholipids and proteins
which of the following groups typically lacks a cell wall
archaea
takes the place of cholesterol as the membrane stabilizing molecule in many bacteria
hopanoids
the PMF in prokaryotes is generated across the
cell membrane
the peptide interbridge crosslinking is typically found in the cell walls of
gram positive bacteria
negatively charged molecules that are partially responsible for the negative charge of the gram positive bacterial cell surface
lipotechoid acid
which of the following is susceptable to being degraded by lysozyme
peptidoglycan
which of the following groups has a structure containing n-acetyl-talosaminuronic acid
archaea
a paracrystalline layer of protein serving as a replacement/additional cell wall in some prokaryotes
s-layer
the periplasm is a
region between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of gram negative bacteria
members of the domain bacteria stain as gram positive or gram negative because of differences in
cell wall
which of the following types of transmembrane transport is unique to prokaryotes
facilitated diffusion
which of the following types of transmembrane transport hydrolyzes ATP as a source of energy
ABC systems
a bacterial cell is using PMF to provide the energy to move sodium ions from the cytoplasm to the environment through a transmembrane protein. this transport is an example of
facilitated diffusion
the transport system that involves a substrate binding protein, a membrane integrated transporter, and an ATP hydrolyzing protein is
group translocation
which of the following typically provides the energy for transport by a phosphotransferase system
phosphoenolpyruvate
all of the following are functions of the bacterial cell wall except
is the basis for serotyping using the o-antigen
