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Virology Flashcards

1
Q

recombination vs reassortment

A

recombination: exchanging homologous sections of DNA
reassortment: segmented DNA exchange segments, causing high frequency recombination

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2
Q

complementation

A

Think of Hepatitis D. Can’t infect with B because mising a protein

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3
Q

phenotypic mixing

A

genome of virus A coated with surface protein of B. occurs with coinfection. However progeny will be normal (Virus A coat with A DNA)

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4
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A 
smallpox
yellowfever
chickenpox
sabin's polio
MMR
Influenza (intranasal)

Also BCG and salmonella typhi

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5
Q

immunity induced by live vs killed vaccines

A

live: cell mediated AND humoral, no booster
killed: ONLY humoral, need booster

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6
Q

Killed vaccines

A 
Rabies
influenza
salk polio
HAV
bordetella
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7
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

HBV, HPV

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8
Q

toxoid vaccines

A

diptheria and tetanus

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9
Q

Conjugate vaccine

A

HiB

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10
Q

All DNA viruses except _____ are dsDNA

A

parvoviridae

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11
Q

All DNA viruses are linear except

A

papilloma, polyoma, hepadnaviruses

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12
Q

DNA viruses

A 
Herpes
Hepad
Adeno
Parvo
Papilloma
Polyoma
Pox
(HHAPPPPy)
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13
Q

All DNA viruses are icosahedral except

A

pox

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14
Q

all DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except

A

pox

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15
Q

which viruses are diploid?

A

ONLY retroviruses

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16
Q

RNA viruses repliate in

A

the cytoplasm. Except: influenza and retroviruses

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17
Q

Which viruses are infections by themselves (without cell machinery)

A 
positive strand ssRNA
and dsDNA (except pox and HBV)
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18
Q

DNA nonenveloped virus

A 
papilloma
Adeno
parvovirus
polyomavirus
PAPP
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19
Q

RNA nonenveloped virus

A 
CPR+H
calcivirus
picornavirus
reovirus
hepevirus
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20
Q

dsDNA and enveloped

A

herpes
hepadna
pox

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21
Q

dsDNA enveloped and linear

A

herpes

pox

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22
Q

dsDNA enveloped and circular

A

hepadna

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23
Q

dsDNA nonenveloped and circular

A

papillomavirus, polyomavirus

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24
Q

dsDNA nonenveloped and linear

A

adenovirus

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25
Q

ssDNA and linear (negative sense)

A

parvovirus

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26
Q

HHV-3

A

chickenpox

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27
Q

HHV-4

A

EBV

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28
Q

HHV-5

A

CMV

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29
Q

CMV causes

A

AIDs retinitis

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30
Q

HHV-6

A

roseola (reticular red rash in kids)

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31
Q

HHV-7

A

less common cause of roseola

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32
Q

HHV-8

A

kaposi’s sarcoma

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33
Q

viral conjunctivitis

A

adenovirus

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34
Q

virus causing hemorrhagic cystitis in kids

A

adenovirus

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35
Q

viruses in polyoma family

A

JC virus=PML

BK virus=transplant pts, targets kidney (BK=bad kidney)

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36
Q

Viruses in poxvirus family

A

small pox
vaccinia (cowpox=milkmaid blisters)
molluscum contagiosum

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37
Q

most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in US

A

HSV-1. Causes temporal rode encephalitis

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38
Q

VZV latent in

A

dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia

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39
Q

mononucleosis with a negative monospot test

A

CMV

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40
Q

virus latent in mononuclear cells

A

CMV

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41
Q

Roseola

A

high fevers for days (sz) then a diffuse macular rash

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42
Q

How do you get HHV-8?

A

sexual contact

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43
Q

Dx: HSV

A

PCR

–tzanck test: smear of opened skin vesicle

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44
Q

cowdry A inclusions

A

HSV

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45
Q

EBV infects what cells

A

B cells

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46
Q

atypical lymphocytes come from what cell

A

reactive cytotoxic T cells (not B cells!)

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47
Q

heterophile antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBC

A

positive monospot test

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48
Q

causes of mononucleosis NOT EBV

A

CMV
Toxoplasmosis
HHV-6

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49
Q

EBV causes what cancers

A

Burkitt’s lymphomas
nasopharyngela carcinoma
Hodgkins

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50
Q

Infections acquired during birth

A

Herpes
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
GBS

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51
Q

enveloped RNA viruses

A

flavivirus
togavirus
retrovirus
coronavirus

orthomyxovirus
paramyxovirus

rhabdovirus
filovirus

arenavirus
bunyavirus
deltavirus

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52
Q

which enveloped RNA viruses are ss+ linear?

A

flavivirus
togavirus
retrovirus
coronavirus

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53
Q

which enveloped RNA viruses are ss- and linear segmented?

A

orthomyxovirus

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54
Q

Which enveloped RNA viruses are ss- and nonsegmented?

A

paramyxovirus
rhabdovirus
filovirus

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55
Q

enveloped RNA viruses ss- and circular

A

arenavirus
bunyavirus
deltavirus

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56
Q

which enveloped RNA virus ss-, circular, and segmented?

A

arenavirus

bunyavirus

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57
Q

enveloped RNA virus ss- circular, NON segmented

A

delta

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58
Q

nonenveloped RNA virus

A

reo
picorna
hepe
calci

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59
Q

nonenveloped RNA virus, linear ss+

A

picorna
hepe
calci

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60
Q

nonenveloped RNA ds Linear with 10-12 segments

A

reovirus

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61
Q

Which RNA viruses are icosahedral?

A

All the nonenveloped viruses (reo, picorna, hepe, calci) PLUS
flavivurs
togavirus
retrovirus

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62
Q

picornaviruses

A 
polio
echovirus-meningitis
rhinovirus
coxsackie-meningitis, mouth blisters, hand foot and mouth
HAV
PERCH on a peak (pico)
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63
Q

flaviviruses

A 
HCV
yellow fever
dengue
st louis encephalopathy
west nile
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64
Q

toga viruses

A

rubella
Eastern equine
western equine

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65
Q

paramyxoviruses

A

parainfluenza-croup
RSV-bronchiolitis in babies
Measles/mumps

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66
Q

filovirus

A

Ebola

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67
Q

arenavirus

A

LCMV: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Lassa fever encephalitis

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68
Q

bunyavirus

A

Hantavirus–hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Sandfly/Rift Valley Fever
California encephalitis

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69
Q

negative sense RNA viruses

A

Always bring polymerase or fail replication

  • arenavirus
  • bunyavirus
  • paramyxovirus
  • orthomyxovirus
  • filovirus
  • rhabdovirus
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70
Q

Segmented viruses

A 
ALL RNA
-orthomyxovirus
bunyavirus
arenavirus
reovirus
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71
Q

pahtophys rhinovirus

A

Binds to ICAM-1 to get to epithelial cells. Acid labile, so destroyed by stomach acid

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72
Q

sx: yellow fever

A

flavivirus with monkey reservoir
-fever
BLACK VOMIT
jaundice

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73
Q

rotavirus presentation

A

segmented dsRNA

diarrhea in kids causing loss of Na and K with villous destruction

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74
Q

tx: rotavirus?

A

vaccination

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75
Q

hemagglutinin

A

orthomyxovirus component=viral entry

76
Q

neuraminidase

A

promotes progeny virion release

77
Q

risky complication of influenza?

A

bacterial superinfection.

78
Q

what type of flu vaccine do you use in kids?

A

Live vaccine–nasal.

79
Q

truncal rash that starts at head and moves down with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias

A

rubella virus

80
Q

F surface fusion protein causing respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells.

A

paramyxoviruses (RSV and parainfluenza)

81
Q

prophylaxis for RSV in premature infants?

A

palivizumab (monoclonal antibody against F protein)

82
Q

koplike spots and descending rash including hands and feet

A

measles

83
Q

3 C’s of measles

A

cough
coryza
conjunctivitis

84
Q

complications years later with measles

A

subacute sclerosing panencephalopathy

85
Q

parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis

A

mumps. worry about sterility in pts infected AFTER puberty

86
Q

negri body

A

rhabies

87
Q

where do you find negri bodies

A

purkinje cells of the cerebellum

88
Q

bullet shaped virus

A

rabies

89
Q

transmission rabies

A

bat, raccoon, skunk bites

90
Q

incubation of HAV

A

weeks

91
Q

classification HAV

A

RNA picornavirus

92
Q

classification HBV

A

DNA hepadnavirus

93
Q

classification HCV

A

RNA flavivirus

94
Q

classification HDV

A

RNA delta virus

95
Q

classification HEV

A

RNA hepevirus

96
Q

inclubation HBV

A

months

97
Q

incubation HCV

A

LONG-years?

98
Q

would you rather be superinfected or coinfected with HDV?

A

coinfected. superinfection has a worse prognosis

99
Q

incubation with HDV superinfection

A

short. if HDV coinfection, long incubation (matches that of HBV)

100
Q

how do you get HDV/HBV

A

IV or sex, or maternal fetal

101
Q

how does HBV vs HCV cause HCC?

A

HBV–activates oncogenes

HCV–causes cirrhosis which causes HCC

102
Q

which hepatitis viruses are naked?

A

HAV and HEV. These do not have an envelope and therefore are NOT destroyed by the gut

103
Q

describe the replication of Hep B

A
  1. virus enters cell
  2. dsDNA repaired in the nucleus
  3. transcribed to RNA
  4. RT of RNA–>DNA
  5. packaged into DNA
104
Q

best test to detect active hep A

A

antiHAV IgM

105
Q

Anti-HAV IgG

A

indicates prior infection or vaccination to HAV

106
Q

hbSaG

A

INDICATES CURRENT HEPATITIS b INFECTION

107
Q

Anti-HBc

A

antibody to core of HBV.
igM=acute or recent infection
IgG=prior exposure or chronic infection

108
Q

Which serologic hep B marker is positive during the window period?

A

Anti-HBc

109
Q

Anti-HBe and HBeAg tell you

A

transmissability. Battle between Anti-HBe and HBe antigen indicating how much the virus is replicating

110
Q

Most people clear HBV and are fine. who is less likely to clear the diseaes?

A

intrapartum HBV infection. these kids have a 90% progression rate to chronic disease

111
Q

What is the window period

A

Time between the end of HBsAg and start of Anti-HBs around 6 months after exposure where all serologic markers are negative

112
Q

What order to serology markers peak in Hep B?

A

SECES
HBsAg
HBeAg

Anti-HBc
Anti-HBe
Anti-HBs

113
Q

Acute HBV serology

A

HBsAg
HBeAg
anti-HBc IgM

114
Q

window period

A

Anti-HBe

Anti-HBc IgM

115
Q

chronic HBV (high infectivity)

A

HBs
HBeAg (would have anti-HBe if low infectivity)
Anti-HGc IgG

116
Q

Recovery HBV

A

Anti-HBc IgG
Anti-HBe
Anti-HBs

117
Q

HIV attachment to host cell

A

gp120

118
Q

HIV fushion and entry to host cell

A

gp41

119
Q

gag p24

A

capsid protein

120
Q

pol

A

RT
aspartate protease
integrase

121
Q

env

A

gp120 and 41

122
Q

Dx of HIV

A

ELISA

western blot to follow up and rule in

123
Q

AIDS diagnosis

A

CD4 < 200 or with AIDS defining condition
OR
CD4/CD8 ratio < 1.5

124
Q

which HIV genes are needed for replication?

A

tat and rev

125
Q

HIV disease if CD <100

A

systemic histoplasma: fever, cough, tongue ulcer, hepatosplenomegaly

toxoplasma: abscesses in brain causing ring enhancing lesions

esophageal candida

126
Q

HIV illness if CD < 400

A

oral thrush

127
Q

HIV illness if CD < 200

A

cryptosporidium: chronic watery diarrhea
JC virus reactivation; PML=progressive focal neuro deficit
PCP pneumonia

128
Q

HIV illness if CD < 50

A

MAC
CMV=cotton wool spots and esophagitis/pneumonia
cryptococcus meningitis

129
Q

How do you distinguish bacillary angiomatosis (bartonella) from kaposi’s sarcoma (HHV-8?)

A

biopsy

  1. kaposi’s: lymphocytic inflammation
  2. bartonella: neutrophilic inflammation
130
Q

HIV cancers

A 
hairy leukoplakia
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
squamous cell carcinoma of anus
primary CNS lymphoma
--many are associated with EBV
131
Q

Causes of pneumonia in HIV +

A

CMV
aspergillus
PCP
MAC

132
Q

gerstmann straussler sheinker syndrome

A

inherited prion disease

CJD is sporadic

133
Q

diarrhea from seafood

A

vibrio parahemolyticus and vulnificus

134
Q

diarrhea: meat/mayonaise/custard

A

staph aureus

135
Q

diarrhea: undercooked beef/meat

A

EHEC

136
Q

reheated meat dishes

A

clostridium perfringens

137
Q

which bugs mimics appendicitis

A

yersinia enterocolitica
salmonella
campylobacter

138
Q

causes of bloody diarrhea

A 
campylobacter
salmonella
shigella
EHEC/EIEC
yersinia (think daycare, pseudoappendicitis)
amoeba
139
Q

C diff and C perfringens diarrhea

A

C diff: bloody or nonbloody

C perf: gas gangrene

140
Q

neonatal pneumonia

A

GBS

E coli

141
Q

Child pneumonia

A 
RSV
Mycoplasma
chlamycia ( under 3)
C pneumonia (school age)
strep pneumo
142
Q

pneumonia in adults

A

Mycoplasma
C pneumonia
S pneumonia

143
Q

40-65 yo adult pneumonia

A

H flu
S pneumo
anaerobes
viruses

144
Q

Elderly pneumonia

A 
S pneumo
Influenza
Anaerobes
H flu
gram - rods
145
Q

hospital and immunocompromised pneumonia

A

staph or enterics

146
Q

alcoholic pneumonia

A

klebsiella, staph, strep pneumo

147
Q

postviral pneumonia

A

staph
H flu
S pneumo

148
Q

child meningitis

A

strep pneumo
N meningitidis
HiB
enteroviruses

149
Q

Adult meningitis

A

S pneumo
n meningitidis
HSV
enterovirus

150
Q

Elderly meningitis

A

S pneumo
listeria
e coli

151
Q

empirical tx meningitis

A

ceftriaxone/vanco

Add ampicillin if suspect listeria (old or young)

152
Q

sexually active osteomyelitis

A

neisseria

153
Q

diabetic/IV drug osteomyelitis

A

pseudomonas, serratia

154
Q

opening pressure in viral meningitis

A

normal/slight increase

155
Q

CSF tap in fungal/TB meningitis

A

increase protein, decreased sugars
lymphocytes
increased opening pressure

156
Q

CSF tap in viral meningitis

A

normal opening pressure
lympcytes
normal protein (maybe slight elevation)
normal sugar

157
Q

difference btw leukocyte esterase test and positive nitrite

A

nitrite test tells you bacteria are gram negative

158
Q

urine urease test comes back positive

A

proteus or klebsiella

159
Q

2nd/3rd leading cause of UTI

A

staph saprophyticus

klebsiella

160
Q

swarming motility and struvite stones UTI

A

proteus

161
Q

classic causes of reactive arthritis

A

chlamydia

enterics (salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, yersinia)

162
Q

TORCHES infections

A 
toxoplasma
rubella
CMV
HIV
HSV2
Syphilis
163
Q

In a neonate:
chorioretinitis
hydrocephalus
intracranial calcifications

A

toxoplasma

164
Q 
In a neonate:
PDA
Cataracts
Deafness
blueberry muffin rash
A

rubella

165
Q

In a neonate:

HEARING LOSS, SEIZURES, BLUEBERRY muffin rash

A

CMV

166
Q

In a neonate:

recurrent infections and chronic diarrhea

A

HIV

167
Q

In a neonate:

encephalitis, herpetic lesions

A

HSV2

168
Q

In a neonate:

hydrops fetalis

A

syphilis or Parvovirus B19

169
Q

In a neonate:
saddle nose
saddle teath
CNVIII deafness

A

syphilis

170
Q

Infection of lymphatics and small painless genital ulcers with rectal strictures

A

lymphogranuloma venereum

171
Q

vaginitis, strawberry mucosa, and motile wet prep

A

trichomoniasis

172
Q

aortitis

A

tertiary syphilis

173
Q

creamy purulent discharge and urethritis/cervicitis/epididymitis

A

gonorrhea

174
Q

chancroid, a painFUL genital ulcer with inguinal adenopathy

A

haemophilus decreyi. School of fish appearance.

175
Q

Most common STD in the US

A

Chlamydia

176
Q

Infection of the liver capsule and violin string adhesions of parietal peritoneum to liver. In sexually active person

A

What is Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome

177
Q

donovan bodies and a painless ulcer

A

klebsiella granulomatis

178
Q

Rubella vs measles

A

rubella: Rash starts at head and moves down with postauricular lymphadenopathy
measles: Rash starts at head and moves down. Preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and koplic spots

179
Q

largest DNA virus

A

pox virus

180
Q

All RNA viruses except ____ are ss RNA

A

Reovirus

181
Q

Reoviruses

A

Rotavirus

Coltivirus: colorado tick fever

182
Q

Calcivirus

A

norovirus

183
Q

Retroviruses

A

HTLV

HIV

184
Q

SARS

A

coronavirus

185
Q

Rash in measles vs rubella

A

Measles rash INCLUDES the hands and feet

Rubella rash is limited to the TRUNK

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