Virology Flashcards
1
Q
recombination vs reassortment
A
recombination: exchanging homologous sections of DNA
reassortment: segmented DNA exchange segments, causing high frequency recombination
2
Q
complementation
A
Think of Hepatitis D. Can’t infect with B because mising a protein
3
Q
phenotypic mixing
A
genome of virus A coated with surface protein of B. occurs with coinfection. However progeny will be normal (Virus A coat with A DNA)
4
Q
Live attenuated vaccines
A
smallpox yellowfever chickenpox sabin's polio MMR Influenza (intranasal)
Also BCG and salmonella typhi
5
Q
immunity induced by live vs killed vaccines
A
live: cell mediated AND humoral, no booster
killed: ONLY humoral, need booster
6
Q
Killed vaccines
A
Rabies influenza salk polio HAV bordetella
7
Q
Recombinant vaccines
A
HBV, HPV
8
Q
toxoid vaccines
A
diptheria and tetanus
9
Q
Conjugate vaccine
A
HiB
10
Q
All DNA viruses except _____ are dsDNA
A
parvoviridae
11
Q
All DNA viruses are linear except
A
papilloma, polyoma, hepadnaviruses
12
Q
DNA viruses
A
Herpes Hepad Adeno Parvo Papilloma Polyoma Pox (HHAPPPPy)
13
Q
All DNA viruses are icosahedral except
A
pox
14
Q
all DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except
A
pox
15
Q
which viruses are diploid?
A
ONLY retroviruses
16
Q
RNA viruses repliate in
A
the cytoplasm. Except: influenza and retroviruses
17
Q
Which viruses are infections by themselves (without cell machinery)
A
positive strand ssRNA and dsDNA (except pox and HBV)
18
Q
DNA nonenveloped virus
A
papilloma Adeno parvovirus polyomavirus PAPP
19
Q
RNA nonenveloped virus
A
CPR+H calcivirus picornavirus reovirus hepevirus
20
Q
dsDNA and enveloped
A
herpes
hepadna
pox
21
Q
dsDNA enveloped and linear
A
herpes
pox
22
Q
dsDNA enveloped and circular
A
hepadna
23
Q
dsDNA nonenveloped and circular
A
papillomavirus, polyomavirus
24
Q
dsDNA nonenveloped and linear
A
adenovirus
25
ssDNA and linear (negative sense)
parvovirus
26
HHV-3
chickenpox
27
HHV-4
EBV
28
HHV-5
CMV
29
CMV causes
AIDs retinitis
30
HHV-6
roseola (reticular red rash in kids)
31
HHV-7
less common cause of roseola
32
HHV-8
kaposi's sarcoma
33
viral conjunctivitis
adenovirus
34
virus causing hemorrhagic cystitis in kids
adenovirus
35
viruses in polyoma family
JC virus=PML
| BK virus=transplant pts, targets kidney (BK=bad kidney)
36
Viruses in poxvirus family
small pox
vaccinia (cowpox=milkmaid blisters)
molluscum contagiosum
37
most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in US
HSV-1. Causes temporal rode encephalitis
38
VZV latent in
dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia
39
mononucleosis with a negative monospot test
CMV
40
virus latent in mononuclear cells
CMV
41
Roseola
high fevers for days (sz) then a diffuse macular rash
42
How do you get HHV-8?
sexual contact
43
Dx: HSV
PCR
| --tzanck test: smear of opened skin vesicle
44
cowdry A inclusions
HSV
45
EBV infects what cells
B cells
46
atypical lymphocytes come from what cell
reactive cytotoxic T cells (not B cells!)
47
heterophile antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBC
positive monospot test
48
causes of mononucleosis NOT EBV
CMV
Toxoplasmosis
HHV-6
49
EBV causes what cancers
Burkitt's lymphomas
nasopharyngela carcinoma
Hodgkins
50
Infections acquired during birth
Herpes
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
GBS
51
enveloped RNA viruses
flavivirus
togavirus
retrovirus
coronavirus
orthomyxovirus
paramyxovirus
rhabdovirus
filovirus
arenavirus
bunyavirus
deltavirus
52
which enveloped RNA viruses are ss+ linear?
flavivirus
togavirus
retrovirus
coronavirus
53
which enveloped RNA viruses are ss- and linear segmented?
orthomyxovirus
54
Which enveloped RNA viruses are ss- and nonsegmented?
paramyxovirus
rhabdovirus
filovirus
55
enveloped RNA viruses ss- and circular
arenavirus
bunyavirus
deltavirus
56
which enveloped RNA virus ss-, circular, and segmented?
arenavirus
| bunyavirus
57
enveloped RNA virus ss- circular, NON segmented
delta
58
nonenveloped RNA virus
reo
picorna
hepe
calci
59
nonenveloped RNA virus, linear ss+
picorna
hepe
calci
60
nonenveloped RNA ds Linear with 10-12 segments
reovirus
61
Which RNA viruses are icosahedral?
All the nonenveloped viruses (reo, picorna, hepe, calci) PLUS
flavivurs
togavirus
retrovirus
62
picornaviruses
```
polio
echovirus-meningitis
rhinovirus
coxsackie-meningitis, mouth blisters, hand foot and mouth
HAV
PERCH on a peak (pico)
```
63
flaviviruses
```
HCV
yellow fever
dengue
st louis encephalopathy
west nile
```
64
toga viruses
rubella
Eastern equine
western equine
65
paramyxoviruses
parainfluenza-croup
RSV-bronchiolitis in babies
Measles/mumps
66
filovirus
Ebola
67
arenavirus
LCMV: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
| Lassa fever encephalitis
68
bunyavirus
Hantavirus--hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Sandfly/Rift Valley Fever
California encephalitis
69
negative sense RNA viruses
Always bring polymerase or fail replication
- arenavirus
- bunyavirus
- paramyxovirus
- orthomyxovirus
- filovirus
- rhabdovirus
70
Segmented viruses
```
ALL RNA
-orthomyxovirus
bunyavirus
arenavirus
reovirus
```
71
pahtophys rhinovirus
Binds to ICAM-1 to get to epithelial cells. Acid labile, so destroyed by stomach acid
72
sx: yellow fever
flavivirus with monkey reservoir
-fever
BLACK VOMIT
jaundice
73
rotavirus presentation
segmented dsRNA
| diarrhea in kids causing loss of Na and K with villous destruction
74
tx: rotavirus?
vaccination
75
hemagglutinin
orthomyxovirus component=viral entry
76
neuraminidase
promotes progeny virion release
77
risky complication of influenza?
bacterial superinfection.
78
what type of flu vaccine do you use in kids?
Live vaccine--nasal.
79
truncal rash that starts at head and moves down with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias
rubella virus
80
F surface fusion protein causing respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells.
paramyxoviruses (RSV and parainfluenza)
81
prophylaxis for RSV in premature infants?
palivizumab (monoclonal antibody against F protein)
82
koplike spots and descending rash including hands and feet
measles
83
3 C's of measles
cough
coryza
conjunctivitis
84
complications years later with measles
subacute sclerosing panencephalopathy
85
parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis
mumps. worry about sterility in pts infected AFTER puberty
86
negri body
rhabies
87
where do you find negri bodies
purkinje cells of the cerebellum
88
bullet shaped virus
rabies
89
transmission rabies
bat, raccoon, skunk bites
90
incubation of HAV
weeks
91
classification HAV
RNA picornavirus
92
classification HBV
DNA hepadnavirus
93
classification HCV
RNA flavivirus
94
classification HDV
RNA delta virus
95
classification HEV
RNA hepevirus
96
inclubation HBV
months
97
incubation HCV
LONG-years?
98
would you rather be superinfected or coinfected with HDV?
coinfected. superinfection has a worse prognosis
99
incubation with HDV superinfection
short. if HDV coinfection, long incubation (matches that of HBV)
100
how do you get HDV/HBV
IV or sex, or maternal fetal
101
how does HBV vs HCV cause HCC?
HBV--activates oncogenes
| HCV--causes cirrhosis which causes HCC
102
which hepatitis viruses are naked?
HAV and HEV. These do not have an envelope and therefore are NOT destroyed by the gut
103
describe the replication of Hep B
1. virus enters cell
2. dsDNA repaired in the nucleus
3. transcribed to RNA
4. RT of RNA-->DNA
5. packaged into DNA
104
best test to detect active hep A
antiHAV IgM
105
Anti-HAV IgG
indicates prior infection or vaccination to HAV
106
hbSaG
INDICATES CURRENT HEPATITIS b INFECTION
107
Anti-HBc
antibody to core of HBV.
igM=acute or recent infection
IgG=prior exposure or chronic infection
108
Which serologic hep B marker is positive during the window period?
Anti-HBc
109
Anti-HBe and HBeAg tell you
transmissability. Battle between Anti-HBe and HBe antigen indicating how much the virus is replicating
110
Most people clear HBV and are fine. who is less likely to clear the diseaes?
intrapartum HBV infection. these kids have a 90% progression rate to chronic disease
111
What is the window period
Time between the end of HBsAg and start of Anti-HBs around 6 months after exposure where all serologic markers are negative
112
What order to serology markers peak in Hep B?
SECES
HBsAg
HBeAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HBe
Anti-HBs
113
Acute HBV serology
HBsAg
HBeAg
anti-HBc IgM
114
window period
Anti-HBe
| Anti-HBc IgM
115
chronic HBV (high infectivity)
HBs
HBeAg (would have anti-HBe if low infectivity)
Anti-HGc IgG
116
Recovery HBV
Anti-HBc IgG
Anti-HBe
Anti-HBs
117
HIV attachment to host cell
gp120
118
HIV fushion and entry to host cell
gp41
119
gag p24
capsid protein
120
pol
RT
aspartate protease
integrase
121
env
gp120 and 41
122
Dx of HIV
ELISA
| western blot to follow up and rule in
123
AIDS diagnosis
CD4 < 200 or with AIDS defining condition
OR
CD4/CD8 ratio < 1.5
124
which HIV genes are needed for replication?
tat and rev
125
HIV disease if CD <100
systemic histoplasma: fever, cough, tongue ulcer, hepatosplenomegaly
toxoplasma: abscesses in brain causing ring enhancing lesions
esophageal candida
126
HIV illness if CD < 400
oral thrush
127
HIV illness if CD < 200
cryptosporidium: chronic watery diarrhea
JC virus reactivation; PML=progressive focal neuro deficit
PCP pneumonia
128
HIV illness if CD < 50
MAC
CMV=cotton wool spots and esophagitis/pneumonia
cryptococcus meningitis
129
How do you distinguish bacillary angiomatosis (bartonella) from kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8?)
biopsy
1. kaposi's: lymphocytic inflammation
2. bartonella: neutrophilic inflammation
130
HIV cancers
```
hairy leukoplakia
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
squamous cell carcinoma of anus
primary CNS lymphoma
--many are associated with EBV
```
131
Causes of pneumonia in HIV +
CMV
aspergillus
PCP
MAC
132
gerstmann straussler sheinker syndrome
inherited prion disease
| CJD is sporadic
133
diarrhea from seafood
vibrio parahemolyticus and vulnificus
134
diarrhea: meat/mayonaise/custard
staph aureus
135
diarrhea: undercooked beef/meat
EHEC
136
reheated meat dishes
clostridium perfringens
137
which bugs mimics appendicitis
yersinia enterocolitica
salmonella
campylobacter
138
causes of bloody diarrhea
```
campylobacter
salmonella
shigella
EHEC/EIEC
yersinia (think daycare, pseudoappendicitis)
amoeba
```
139
C diff and C perfringens diarrhea
C diff: bloody or nonbloody
| C perf: gas gangrene
140
neonatal pneumonia
GBS
| E coli
141
Child pneumonia
```
RSV
Mycoplasma
chlamycia ( under 3)
C pneumonia (school age)
strep pneumo
```
142
pneumonia in adults
Mycoplasma
C pneumonia
S pneumonia
143
40-65 yo adult pneumonia
H flu
S pneumo
anaerobes
viruses
144
Elderly pneumonia
```
S pneumo
Influenza
Anaerobes
H flu
gram - rods
```
145
hospital and immunocompromised pneumonia
staph or enterics
146
alcoholic pneumonia
klebsiella, staph, strep pneumo
147
postviral pneumonia
staph
H flu
S pneumo
148
child meningitis
strep pneumo
N meningitidis
HiB
enteroviruses
149
Adult meningitis
S pneumo
n meningitidis
HSV
enterovirus
150
Elderly meningitis
S pneumo
listeria
e coli
151
empirical tx meningitis
ceftriaxone/vanco
| Add ampicillin if suspect listeria (old or young)
152
sexually active osteomyelitis
neisseria
153
diabetic/IV drug osteomyelitis
pseudomonas, serratia
154
opening pressure in viral meningitis
normal/slight increase
155
CSF tap in fungal/TB meningitis
increase protein, decreased sugars
lymphocytes
increased opening pressure
156
CSF tap in viral meningitis
normal opening pressure
lympcytes
normal protein (maybe slight elevation)
normal sugar
157
difference btw leukocyte esterase test and positive nitrite
nitrite test tells you bacteria are gram negative
158
urine urease test comes back positive
proteus or klebsiella
159
2nd/3rd leading cause of UTI
staph saprophyticus
| klebsiella
160
swarming motility and struvite stones UTI
proteus
161
classic causes of reactive arthritis
chlamydia
| enterics (salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, yersinia)
162
TORCHES infections
```
toxoplasma
rubella
CMV
HIV
HSV2
Syphilis
```
163
In a neonate:
chorioretinitis
hydrocephalus
intracranial calcifications
toxoplasma
164
```
In a neonate:
PDA
Cataracts
Deafness
blueberry muffin rash
```
rubella
165
In a neonate:
| HEARING LOSS, SEIZURES, BLUEBERRY muffin rash
CMV
166
In a neonate:
| recurrent infections and chronic diarrhea
HIV
167
In a neonate:
| encephalitis, herpetic lesions
HSV2
168
In a neonate:
| hydrops fetalis
syphilis or Parvovirus B19
169
In a neonate:
saddle nose
saddle teath
CNVIII deafness
syphilis
170
Infection of lymphatics and small painless genital ulcers with rectal strictures
lymphogranuloma venereum
171
vaginitis, strawberry mucosa, and motile wet prep
trichomoniasis
172
aortitis
tertiary syphilis
173
creamy purulent discharge and urethritis/cervicitis/epididymitis
gonorrhea
174
chancroid, a painFUL genital ulcer with inguinal adenopathy
haemophilus decreyi. School of fish appearance.
175
Most common STD in the US
Chlamydia
176
Infection of the liver capsule and violin string adhesions of parietal peritoneum to liver. In sexually active person
What is Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome
177
donovan bodies and a painless ulcer
klebsiella granulomatis
178
Rubella vs measles
rubella: Rash starts at head and moves down with postauricular lymphadenopathy
measles: Rash starts at head and moves down. Preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and koplic spots
179
largest DNA virus
pox virus
180
All RNA viruses except ____ are ss RNA
Reovirus
181
Reoviruses
Rotavirus
| Coltivirus: colorado tick fever
182
Calcivirus
norovirus
183
Retroviruses
HTLV
| HIV
184
SARS
coronavirus
185
Rash in measles vs rubella
Measles rash INCLUDES the hands and feet
Rubella rash is limited to the TRUNK
