Micro Flashcards
1
Q
Causes of non-gonococcal urethritis
A
Chlamydia and ureaplasma. These lack peptidoglycan within their cell wall.
2
Q
how do u treat NGU
A
azithromycin
3
Q
how do u treat gonococcal urethritis
A
ceftriaxone
4
Q
Diarrhea with PAS-positive granules and foamy macrophages
A
tropheryma whippelii
–will also have greasy stools and joint pain
5
Q
LPS induces:
A
TNF and IL-1
6
Q
antigen in LPS
A
O polysaccharide
7
Q
capsules are made of polysaccharide except in
A
bacillus anthrax–glutamate
8
Q
glycocalyx
A
mediates adhesion to foreign surfaces
9
Q
dipicolinic acid
A
like keratin and peptidoglycan, can form outside of spore
10
Q
listeria morphology
A
gram positive rod
11
Q
gardnerella morphology
A
gram variable rod (but technically gram positive, no outer membrane
12
Q
legionella morphology
A
gram negative rod
13
Q
yerseinia morphology
A
gram negative rod
14
Q
legionella morphology
A
gram negative rod
15
Q
bordetella morphology
A
gram negative rods
16
Q
all the “-ellas” except garnerella morphology
A
gram negative rods
17
Q
branching filamentous gram positive bacteria
A
actinomyces, nocardia
18
Q
pleomorphic gram negative
A
rickettsia
chlamydia
19
Q
spiral gram negative
A
leptospira
borrelia
treponema
20
Q
mycoplasma cell membrane contains
A
sterols
21
Q
mycobacteria cell wall contains
A
mycolic acid and high lipid content
22
Q
silver stain
A
legionella
H pylori
fungi
23
Q
giemsa stain
A
chlamydia borrelia rickettsiae trypanosomes plasmodium
24
Q
ziehl neelsen stain
A
nocardia, mycobacterium
25
PAS stains for
glycogen
26
thayer martin media
neisseria. contains vanco, polymyxin, and nystatin
27
bordet gengou agar for
bordetella
28
tellurit, loffler's media for
diptheria
29
lowenstein jensen agar
TB
30
eaton's agar
mycoplasma pneumonia
31
charcoat yeast extract buffered with cystein and iron
legionella
32
sabouraud's agar
fungi
33
obligate aerobes
nocardia
pseudomonas
mycobacterium TB
bacillus
34
obligate anaerobes
clostridium
bacterioides
actinomyces
35
obligate intracellular
rickettsia, chlamydia
36
facultative intracellular
salmonella neisseria mycobacterium
| brucella, legionella, francisella, listeria, yersinia pestis
37
quellung rxn
if encapsulated bug is present, capsule swells
38
encapsulated bacteria
```
strep pneumo
haemophilus
neisseria
e coli
salmonella
klebsiella
group B strep
```
39
catalase positive
pseudomonas listeria aspergillus candida e coli, s aureus, serratia
40
conjugated vaccines
meningococcal
HiB
Prevnar is conjugated, Pneumovax is not
41
urease positive bugs
```
cryptococcus
H pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S epidermidis
S saprophyticus
```
42
red pigment bacteria
serratia marcescens
43
protein A
binds Fc region of Ig
S aureus
prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
44
M protein
prevents phagocytosis
45
exotoxin vs endotoxin in heat
exotoxin destroyed rapidly at 60C (except staphy HS toxin)
Endotoxin stable at 100 degerees for 1 hr
46
exotoxin are made of
proteins.
47
diptheria toxin causes
pharyngitis with pseudomembranes and severe lymphadenopathy
48
pseudomonas aeruginosa releases
exotoxin A kills host cells
49
mechanism of diptheria/pseudomonas toxin
inactivates EF2
50
shiga toxin causes
GI mucosal damage and dysentery. HUS
51
EHEC releases
Shiga like toxin. Causes HUS.
52
Difference btw shigella and EHEC?
EHEC does NOT invade host cells
53
mechanism shigella toxin
inactivates 60S ribosome
54
ETEC heat labile toxin
activates adenylate cyclase to increase chloride secretion in gut "labile in the air"
55
ETEC heat stable toxin
activates cGMP to decrease Cl absorbtion in gut "stable on th eground"
56
bacillus anthrax releases
edema factor: mimics cAMP
57
vibrio cholera mechanism
overactivates adenylate cyclase by activating Gs
58
pertussis toxin mechanism
disables Gi to impair phagocytosis
59
tetanus toxin blocks
inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine
60
perfringens toxin
alpha toxin: degrades phospholipid C
61
double zone of hemolysis
perfringens
62
strep pyogenes (GAS) tox
streptolysin O: degrades cell membrane
63
ASO titer
strep pyogenes against toxin
64
S aureus toxin
toxic shock syndrome toxin
65
Mechanism TSST-1
bring MHC II and TCR in close proximity causing overwhelming release of IFN-y and IL-2
66
Mechanism exotoxin A of strep pyogenes
bring MHC II and TCR in close proximity causing overwhelming release of IFN-y and IL-2
67
what does streptolysin O do?
lyses RBCs
68
Strep pyogenes
releases exotoxin A
69
LPS activates
```
IL-1
TNF
Nitric Oxide
C3a
C5a
DIC
```
70
Which bacteria can transform?
SHiN species
71
F+x F- conjugation transfers
Only plasmids
72
Hfr x F transfers
F plasmid incorporated into DNA. Can transfer both plasmid and chromosomeal genes
73
generalized transduction
phage picks up parts of bacterial DNA
74
specialized transduction
occurs during lysogenic phase. Viral DNA is incorporated into bacterial chromosome and when excised, takes flanking DNA with it.
75
Which fiver toxins are found in the lysogenic phage?
```
ShigA like
botulinum
cholera
diptheria
erythrogenic
```
76
gram positive, branching anaerobe
actinomyces
77
gram positive, aerobe, acid fast
nocardia
78
gram positive rods
```
clostidrium
listeria
bacillus
mycobacterium
corynebac
```
79
gm + cocci, catalase positive, coagulase -
| novobiocin sensitive
S. epidermidis
80
gm + cocci, catalase positive, coagulase -
| novobiocin resistant
S saprophyticus
81
gm + cocci, catalase neg,
partial hemolysis
optichin sensitive?
optochin resistant?
Optochin sen: S pneumo
| optochin res: viridans strep
82
catalase - gram positive cocci
beta hemolysis
-Bacitracin sensitive? resistant?
sensitive: GAS
resistant: GBS
83
catalase - gram positive cocci
no hemolysis
-growth in bile and 6.5 NaCL?
growth only in bile?
bile and salt: Enterococcus
| Growth in only bile: S bovis
84
TSS what happens at cell level
activation of macrophages and T lymphocytes in a polyclonal fashion
85
strep pneumo loses virulence if
It has no capsule
86
lancet shaped, gram positive diplococci
strep pneumo
| --secretes igA protease
87
sepsis in sickle cell anemia and splenectomy
strep pneumo
88
rusty sputum
strep pneumo
89
strep sanguis
sticks to damaged valves of heart by making glycocalyx
90
scarlet fever: sx? cause?
GAS
| scarlet rash sparing face, strawberry tongue, scarlet throat
91
two types of GAS
pyogenic: pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetico
toxigenic: scarlet fever, toxic shock, necrotizing fas.
92
Group B strep causes
pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis in babies
93
Group B strep produces
CAMP factor. This enlargeds ares of hemolysis formed by S aureus. Streak these two bugs in a cross and will find an "arrow" of fresh hemolysis
94
hippurate test positive
Group B strep
95
Tx for pregnant women with group B strep
penicillin INTRA partum
96
enterococci cause
UTI
biliary infection
subacute endocarditis
97
lancefield grouping of strep based on
differences in C carbohydrate
98
Group D strep causes
subacute endocarditis in colon cancer
99
diptheria toxtin works by
ADP ribosylates EF-2
100
pseudomembranous pharyngitis, a gray white membrane
diptheria
101
other sx of diptheria
myocarditis and arrhythmias
102
gram positive rods with blue and red metachromatic granules
c. diptheria
103
elek's test for toxin positive
diptheria
104
diptheria toxin encoded by
beta-prophage
105
how do you kill spores
autoclave: steam at 121 for 15 minutes
106
other spore formers (less obvious)
B cereus
| Coxiella burnetii
107
you suspect a can of food is infected with C. botulinum. However, it's really tasty and you don't want to throw it away. what do you do?
heat it up! Should inactivate the toxin
108
How does C perfringens toxin work?
The alpha toxin is a lecithinase, which breaks down phospholipase
109
C difficile toxins
Toxin A: binds brush border of gut
| Toxin B: destroys the cytoskeleton of enterocytes causing pseudomembranous colitis
110
Dx: c difficile
detect toxins in the stool
111
you meet a wool sorter with flu like sx
pulmonary anthrax. worry about pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock
112
cause of sx in reheated rice disease
B cereus: makes cereulide, a toxin causing emesis within 1-5 hours. If diarrhea, watery nonbloody diarrhea in 8-18 hrs
113
actin rockets which shoot around, causing tumbling motiliy
listeria monocytogenes.
114
how do you get listeria
milk/cheese
| or vaginal transmission during birth
115
treat actinomyces
penicillin
116
treat nocardia
sulfonamides
117
branching bacteria causing oral/facial abscess draining through sinus tracts
actinomyces
118
branching bacteria causing pulmonary infections in immunocompromised and cutaneous infections after trauma
nocardia
119
what tells you if TB is virulent?
cord factor: inhibits macrophage maturation and induces release of TNF-a
120
sulfatides in TB
inhibit phagolysosomal fusion
121
prophylaxis for MAC
azithromycin
122
m leprae infects
The skin and superficial nerves: causes loss of sensation. Cannot be grown in vitro
123
lepromatous leprosy
diffuse, communicable, mostly Th2 response
124
Tuberculoid leprosy:
Only a few plaques. Th1 response
125
Tx: leproxy
dapsone and rifampin for 6 months if tuberculoid
If lepromatous form, add clofazimin and treat for 2-5 years
126
gram negative oxidase positive, comma shaped, and grows in 42 C
campylobacter
127
gram negative oxidase positive, comma shaped, and grows in alkaline media
vibrio cholera
128
gram negative rod, fast lactose fermenter
kelbsiella and E coli
129
gram negative rod, slow fermenter
citrobacter, serratia, and family
130
gram negative, not lac fermenter, oxidase negative
shigella salmonella proteus
131
gram negative, not lac fermenter, oxidase positive
pseudomonas
| H pylori
132
gram negative diplococci maltose fermenter
N meningitis
133
gram negative diplococci maltose nonfermenter
N gonorrhea
134
gram negative pleomorphic rods
HiB
Bordetella
pasteurella
brucella
135
why is there no vaccine for gonorrhea?
rapid antigenic variation of pilus proteins
136
which neisseria is encapsulated?
meningococci
137
long term complication of gonorrhea
fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome
138
long term complication of meningococci
waterhouse friderichsen
139
tx for gonorrhea
ceftriaxone PLUS azithromycin/coxy for chlamydia coinfection
140
tx for meningitis (in general)
ceftriaxone/penicillin G
141
prophylaxis of meningitis (In general)
rifampin, cipro, ceftriaxone
142
cherry red epiglottis
haemophilus
143
what are factors V and X on chocolate agar?
V: NAD+
X: hematin
144
what can be used instead of factors V and X?
Cogrow with staph aureus which provides factor V
145
dx: legionella
antigen in urine
146
how do you get legionella?
environmental source. NO person to person transmission!
147
Tx: legionella
macrolide or quinolone
148
sx of legionnaire
severe pneumonia, fever, Gi, and CNS sx
149
diabetic osteomyelitis
pseudomonas
150
malignant otitis externa in diabetic
pseudomonas
151
Produces a blue green pigment, and has a grape like odor
pseudomonas
152
Tx: pseudomonas
aminoglycosides plus piperacillin/ticarcilin
153
Two toxins released by pseudomonas
endotoxin: fever/shock
| exotoxin A: inactivates EF-2
154
virulence factor for E coli UTI
P pili/fimbrae
155
virulence factor for E coli neonatal meningitis/pneumonia
K1 capsule
156
EIEC pathogenicity
invasion of intestinal mucosa: necrosis/inflammation. No toxins
157
E coli with dysentery
EIEC
158
E coli in children causing diarrhea
EPEC
159
E coli causing dysentery but does not ferment sorbitol
EHEC
160
ETEC pathogenicity
Labile and heat stable toxin produce diarrhea. no inflammation
161
EPEC pathogenicity:
No toxin. just adheres and sits on surface, preventing absorption.
162
EHEC pathogenicity:
Shiga like toxin=HUS (anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure)
Also invasive causing endothelium swelling and mechanical hemolysis
163
E coli causing: Stacked brick intestinal lesions
EAEC
164
E coli from ground beef
EHEC
165
susceptible to kleb
alcoholics
| diabetics
166
mucoid colonies with abundant polysaccharide
klebsiella
167
most common cause of osteomyelitis in SCD
salmonella
168
Shig vs Salm: disseminates hematogenously
salmonella
169
Shig vs Salm: antibiotics prolong symptoms
salmonella
170
Shig vs Salm: antibiotics prolong excretion of org in feces
shigella
171
Shig vs Salm: causes a monocytic response
salmonella
172
Shig vs Salm: causes a PMN infiltration
Shigella
173
Shig vs Salm: produces hydrogen sulfide
salmonella
174
fecal leukocyte test in vibrio cholera
NEGATIVE: no invasion
175
How do you get campylobacter
fecal oral
176
how do you get yersinia enterocolitica?
pet feces (puppies), contaminated milk or pork
177
how does yersinia enterocolitis present?
Looks like crohns or appendicitis. But actually a "mesenteric adenitis"
178
Which bugs activate cGMP?
ETEC, yersinia
179
Which bugs activate cAMP?
```
pertussis
ETEC
vibrio cholera
campylobacter
bacillus cereus
bacillus anthrax
```
180
Tx: H pylori
triple therapy: clarithromycin, amoxacillin, metronidazole
181
Spirochetes
Borrelia
Leptospira
Tremponema
BLT, Bacon is BIG (size)
182
spirochete visualized with aniline dyes (wright or giemsa)
borrelia
183
surfers in hawaii getting flu like symptoms and jaundice with photophobia
leptospira interrogans. Get this from water contaminated with animal urine
184
weil's disease
severe form of leptospira causing jaundize and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction with hemorrhage and anemia
185
Tx for lyme
doxycycline, ceftriaxone
186
natural reservoir of lyme
MOUSE (although transmited by ixodes)
187
Stage 2 of lyme
cardiac block and facial nerve palsy
188
stage 3 of lyme
arthritis
encephalopathy
polyneuropathy
189
Dx: syphilis
Screen with VDRL
Confirm with FTA-ABS
--Can visualize by scraping chancre or conylomata lata
190
2ndary syphilis
palms and soles rash
| condylomata lata
191
tertiary syphilis
gummas
aortitis (may have stroke)
tabes dorsalis (positive romberg)
argyll robertson (accommodate but don't react)
192
baby with saber shins, saddle nose, and deafness, with hutchinson's teeth (gaped, peg shaped) and mulberry molars
congenital syphilis
193
causes of false positive VDRL
reacts with beef cardiolipin.
- -viral infection (hepatitis, mono)
- -drugs
- -SLE, rheumatic fever
- -leprosy
194
flu like syndrome immediatedly after antibiotics are started
Jarisch Herxheimer rxn
195
borrelia recurrentis transmission
louse. recurs b/c of variable surface antigen
196
brucella transmission
unpasteurized dairy
197
campylobacter transmission
PUPPIES and livestock
198
coxiella transmission
aerosols of cattle amniotic fluid
199
ehrlichiosis
lone star tick
200
francisella tularemia
ticks, rabbits, deer fly
201
which form of leprosy is transmissible?
lepromatous
202
bacillary angiomatosis
BAD catscratch in pts with HIV
203
rickettsia prowazekii transmission
louse
204
rickettsia rickettsii transmission
dermacentor tick bite
205
rickettsia typhi transmission
fleas
206
yersinia transmission
fleas.
207
yersinia reservoir
rats and prairie dogs
208
pleomorphic gram variable rod causing gray vaginal discharge with a fishy smell
gardnerella vaginalis
209
CLUE cells (vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria)
gardnerella vaginalis
210
Tx: gardnerella
metro
211
Tx for all rickettsial dz
doxy!
212
rash starting at wrists and ankles spreading to trunks, palms, and soles
rickettsia rickettsii, RMS
213
what cofactors is rickettsia missing that make it obligate intracellular?
CoA and NAD+
214
endemic typhus
R typhi
215
epidemic typhus
R prowazekii
216
Rash starts in the trunk
Epidemic typhus. R prowazekii
217
Which diseases cause a palm and sole rash?
COX A
RMS fever
secondary syphillis
218
monocytes with morula (berry like inclusions) in cytoplasm
ehrlichiosis
219
granulocytes with morula in cytoplasm
anaplasmosis
220
pneumonia in a vet or person who takes care of livestock. No rash.
Q fever.
221
What's special about Q fever
It has an endospore form
222
chlamydia elementary body
infectious, enters cells through endocytosis
223
chlamydia reticulate body
replicates in cell by fission
224
Chlamydia pneumonia and psittaci cause
atypical pneumonia
225
Tx for chlamydia
azithromycin (one time use) doxy works too but longer treatment
226
Dx chlamydia
cytoplasmic inclusions on giemsa or fluorescent antibody smear
227
special about chlamydia cell wall
No muramic acid
228
which chlamydia serotypes cause blindness and conjucntivitis in africa?
A,B,C
229
Which chlamydia serotypes cause urethritis/PID?
D-K
230
chlamydia L1-L3?
lymphogranuloma venereum
231
neonate with staccato cough
think neonatal chlamydial pnemonia
232
Pneumonia where X ray looks worse than pt
mycoplasma pneumonia
233
pneumonia with a high titer of agglutinins
mycoplasma pneumonia
234
Tx mycoplasma pneumonia
macrolide or fluoroquinolone
235
typical demographic for mycoplasma pneumonia
miliary recruits/prisons
236
From bird or bat droppings in mississippi/ohio river valleys. Pneumonia, cough, fever. self limited
histoplasmosis.
237
East of mississippi river and central america. Granulomatous nodules. inflammatory lung disease disseminating to skin and bone
blastomycoses
238
Histology of blasto
broad based buds (look like fisheyes) same size as RBC
239
Histology of histo
macrophage FILLED with small hisoplasma like a bag of jelly beans smaller than RBC
240
Southwest. pneumonia and meningitis that can disseminate to bone and skin.
coccidioides
241
Histology coccidioides
endospore filled with spherules (looks like a hat/helmet) much larger than RBC
242
budding yeast with captain's wheel formation in traveller to latin america
paracoccidioides
243
All fungi we need to know are dimorphic and yeast form at body temperature except
coccidioidomycosis, a spherule in tissue
244
Treatment for mycoses
Local: fluconazole or itraconazole
Systemic: Ampho B
245
tinea versicolor pathophysiology
degradation of lipids makes acid which damage melanocytes
246
tx: tinea versicolor
topical miconazole or selenium sulfide
247
spaghetti and meatballs on KOH
tinea versicolor
248
which mycoses ONLY have hyphae (mold form)
rhizopus and aspergillus
249
Tx: candida
azole if vaginal
fluconazole/caspo if oral
ampho B/caspofungin if systemic
250
who gets allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?
Asthma
CF pts.
Treat with steroids
251
Who else is susceptible to aspergillus?
Pts with TB. aspergillus can colonize the lung cavities
252
where do you find cryptococcus?
soil or pidgeon dropping
253
culture crypto on
sabouraud's agar
254
dx: crypto
latex agglutination test.
255
soap bubble lesions in brain, on histology but no change on CT
crypto
256
tx: crypto
ampho B and flucytosine
257
mucro and rhizopus
cause frontal lobe abscess with headache. May have black necrotic eschar on face or cranial nerve involvement
258
disc shaped yeast on methenamine silver stain of lung tissue
PCP
259
Tx for PCP
TMP-SMX
260
prophylaxis for PCP?
CD4 <200
261
dimorphic cigar shaped budding yeast
sporothrix xhenckii
262
rose gardener's disease with ulcer and draining lymphatics.
sporotrichosis
263
Tx: sporotrichosis
itraconazole or POTASSIUM iodide
264
transmission giardia
cysts in water
265
dz giardia
trophozoites or cysts in stool
266
what does giardia look like trophozoite form?
A scary kite
267
bloody diarrhea with liver abscess and anchovy paste exudate
amoeba
268
histology of amoeba
flask shaped ulcer
269
dx stage amoeba
trophozoites in cytoplasm or cyst in the stool (with multiple nuclei)
270
Tx: amoeba
metro
271
Tx: asymptomatic amoeba
idoquinol
272
cryptosporidium sx
severe diarrhe ain AIDS, mild diarrhea otherwise
273
Dx: cryptosporidium
cysts on acid fast stain
274
Tx; cryptosporidium
nitazoxanide if immunocompetent
275
classic triad of toxo
chorioretinitis
hydrocephalus
intracranial calcifications
-- can be mono like illness if u r healthy
276
when is toxo transmitted?
across the placenta
277
Dx of toxo
serology or biopsy
278
Tx for toxo
sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
279
person swam in a freshwater lake and got rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
naegleria
280
tx: naegleria
not much! occasionally ampho but most people die
281
dx: naegleria
amoebas in spinal fluid
282
african sleeping sickness (enlarged lymph nodes, bouts of fever, coma, somnolence) caused by:
trypanosomes
283
transmission trypanosomes
tsetse fly, painful bite
284
Dx: trypanosomes
blood smear
285
tx: trypanosomes
suramin for blood borne disease
| melarsoprol for DNS penetration
286
malaria with 48 hr cycle and dormant form in liver
P vivax
287
malaria with severe, irregular fevers and banana shaped diagnostic form
falciprum
288
malaria with a 72 hour cycle
P malariae
289
First line tx for plasmodium
chloroquine, blocks plasmodium heme polymerase. If resistant, use mefloquine
290
Tx: life threatening plasmodium
intravenous quinidine (test for G6PD deficiency first)
291
Tx: dormant hypnozoite plasmodium vivax
primaquine
292
Sx: babesia
fever and hemolytic anemia
293
Dx: babesia
maltese cross on blood smear along with ring form.
| PCR
294
Who is at increased risk of babesia?
asplenic
295
tx: babesia
atovaquone + azithromycin
296
pathogen in chagas
trypanosoma cruzi
297
sx: chagas
cardiomyopathy
megacolon
megesophagus
298
tx: chagas
nifurtimox
299
Sx: Leishmaniasis
spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
300
Transmission: leishmaniasis
sand fly
301
Dx: leishmaniasis
macrophages with amastigotes
302
Tx: leishmaniasis
sodium stibogluconate
303
foul green discharge with itching and burning
trichomonas vaginalis
304
transmission trichomonas (vs gardenella)
trichomonas=STD
| gardenella= NOT an STD!
305
Tx and Dx for trichomonas
trophozoites on wet mount
| --metronidazole
306
Tx for pinworm
mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate
307
Tx for ascaris
bendazoles
308
how do you get ascaris?
fecal oral. worry about intestinal obstruction
309
tx stronyloides
ivermectin/albendazole
310
tx for ancylostoma duodenale, necator americanus (hookworm)
bendazole
311
transmission: strongyloides
soil penetrate skin
312
Sx strongyloides
vomiting, diarrhea, anemia
313
Sx hookworms
anemia
314
Dracunulus medinensis
skin inflammation and ulceration from a nematode. get it from drinking water
315
Tx: dracunculus
slow extraction of worm
316
Onchocerca volvulus
nematode causing hyperpigmented skin and river blindness (black flies, black skin, black sight)
317
Tx of onchocerca
ivermectin
318
trans: onchocerca
female black fly
319
loa loa
nematode causing skin swelling and worm in conjunctiva
320
Tx: loa loa
diethylcarbamazine
321
trans: loa loa
deer fly, horse fly, mango fly
322
wuchereria bancrofti
nematode that causes elephantiasis. sx after 1 year
323
Wucheria tx
diethylcarbamazine
324
toxocara canis transmission
food contaminated with eggs
325
toxocara canis sx
nematode causing visceral larva migrans
326
tx toxocara
albendazole or mebendazole
327
ingesting larvae in undercooked pork
taenia solium
328
sx: taenia solium
cysticercosis . seizures or brain cysts
329
tx taenia solium
praziquantel
330
diphyllobothrium latum transmission
larvae from raw freshwater fish
331
sx: diphyllobothrium
B12 deficiency=anemia
332
tx: diphyllo
praziqunatel
333
echinococcus transmission
ingestion of eggs from dog feces
334
sx: echinococcus
cysts in liver. causing anaphylaxis if antigens are released.
335
how to prevent echinococcus anaphylaxis?
pre-inject cyst with ethanol
336
Tx echinococcus
bendazoles
337
schistosoma host
snail
338
schistosoma infectious state
cercariae. a fluke.
339
tx: schistosoma
praziquantel
340
Schistosoma disease
liver and spleen granulomas causing portal hypertension
341
clonorchis sinensis transmission
undercooked fish
342
Sx: clonorchis sinensis
fluke causing biliary tract infection with pigmented (brown) gallstones
assoc'd with cholangiocarcinoma
343
tx: clonorchis
praziquantel
344
paragonimus westermani transmission
fluke from undercooked crab meat
345
sx paragonimus westermani
lung inflammation and secondary bacterial infection with hemoptysis
346
hemoptysis parasite
paragonimus
347
microcytic anemia with a parasite
ancylostoma, necator (hook worm
348
liver cyst, parasite
echinococcus granulosus
349
vitamin B 12 deficiency parasite
diphylloborhtrium
350
biliary tract disease parasite
clonorchis sinensis
351
subacute sclerosing encephalitis sx
ataxia
myoclonus
visual problems
