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Microbiology > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Viral Specimen Collection

A

Collect during heavy viral shedding

Swabs and tissue in VTM (viral transport media), Dacron or Rayon swabs - no VTM with body fluids

Do NOT use calcium alginate (inhibits viral replication)

Culture ASAP or store at 4 deg, or at 70C if >4 days. Do NOT freeze at -20C, will crystallize and kill the virus

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2
Q

Adenovirus

A

Respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, obesity/adipogenesis

Pneumonia in US, gastroenteritis in children

Shed by respiratory and eye secretions in acute infection

Shed in stool and urine during convalescence

dsDNA, non-enveloped, icosahedral

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3
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma

Clay colored stool, dark urine

Transmission: blood-blood (parenterally), or sexual route due to blood contact

Hepadnaviridae family

Partially dsDNA, enveloped

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4
Q

HSV (or HHV) I & II

A

Most common cause of corneal infection and fatal Encephalitis in US

Tzanck smear

Oral herpes/genital herpes

Herpesviridae family

Diagnosed with IF from lesion specimen

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5
Q

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

A

Chickenpox & Shingles

Large multinucleated cells on Tzanck smear

Specimen of choice: scrapping off the lesion

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6
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV 4)

A

Infectious mononucleosis (mono) in 15-24 yo

Burkitt lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma - Reed-Sternberg cells (owl eyes)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Multiple sclerosis

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7
Q

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A

Urine = most common specimen

Congenital infection from mother —> baby

Diagnosis: PCR

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8
Q

Human papillomavirus

A

Skin warts

Cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and penile cancer

Cervical swab/scraping

Koilocytes

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9
Q

Parvovirus B19

A

5th disease, Erythema infectiosum- slapped cheek (rash spreads to trunk and limbs)

Flu-like symptoms

Self-limiting

Naked ssDNA, smallest DNA virus

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10
Q

Poxvirus

A

Variola virus: smallpox

Largest of all viruses

dsDNA

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11
Q

Dengue virus

A

Dengue fever (mild)

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (bleeding in organs)

Aedes aegypti

Flavivirus family

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12
Q

Yellow virus

A

Vector: Aedes aegypti

Reservoir: Monkeys, or human to human

Flavivirus family

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13
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis

A

Vector: Culex mosquito

Circulates in birds

Midwestern and Southern states, summer

Milder in children than adults

Humans are dead end host (cannot infect human to human)

Flavivirus family

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14
Q

West Nile Virus

A

Vector: Culex mosquito

From birds - needs avian host to replicate

Leading cause of vector born fever in the US

Found in body fluids and tissues

Mother—> baby, blood transfusion or organ donation

Flavivirus family

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15
Q

Zika

A

Vector: Aedes species

Guillain-Barré syndrome (trouble walking due to myelin sheath damage)

Microcephaly and neurological deformities in fetus

Flavivirus family

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16
Q

Bunyaviridae, Hantavirus

A

Vector: rodent. From rat poop - more likely to inhale in drier states

Kidneys and lungs

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

Old world Hanta virus (more severe, Europe and Asia)

New world Hanta virus (America) - hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

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17
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Self-limiting

Transmission: fecal-oral

Does not cause chronic liver damage

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18
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Only Flaviviridae that is not vector borne

High mortality rate

50% disease patients are chronic carriers, 30% of those can develop cirrhosis

High ALT

Transmission: blood contact

(Same symptoms and signs as hep B)

Diagnosed by EIA (high false pos rate so confirm with PCR)

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19
Q

Influenza

A

Group A: classified by hemagglutinin and neuroaminidase glycoproteins
- only group with known animal reservoirs (pig, bird)

Antigenic drift (RNA replication errors, results in seasonal flu strain changes) - not a major change

Antigenic shift (major change to surface antigens causing a new H or N antigen) - results in pandemic flu outbreaks like Spanish flu

  • Group A: undergoes both drift and shift
  • Group B: drift
  • Group C: neither one, relatively stable
  • Group D: only affects cattle
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20
Q

Influenza complications

A

Otitis media
Primary viral pneumonia
Secondary pneumonia (S. pneumo, S. aureus, H. influenzae)
Reye’s syndrome: acute encephalopathy, fatty liver
Guillain-Barre Syndrome: demyelination of motor nerves —> paralysis

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21
Q

Influenza diagnosis testing

A

ELISA - distinguishes between influenza A and B

PCR testing, Biofire, cepheid

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22
Q

Parainfluenza

A

Most important respiratory disease is within 2 first years of life, along with RSV

PCR with nasopharyngeal swab

Symptoms: rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngotracheitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

23
Q

Morbillivirus

A

Measles (Rubeola)

Maculopapular rash on head and trunk
Koplik spot lesions on oral mucosa

Highly contagious, through aerosol droplets

Diagnosis: IgM presence of cell culture on PMK cells (primary macaque kidney)

24
Q

Rubulavirus

A

Mumps

Bilateral (or unilateral) swelling on parotid glands (Hamster Face)

Transmission: saliva

EIA and IF testing

25
Q

Rubivirus

A

Rubella (German measles)

Mild febrile disease with erythematous, maculopapular, and discrete rash and lymphadenopathy

Similar to measles (can be misdiagnosed)

Transmission: airborne droplets

Affects pregnant women and fetus: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) - can affect almost everything on baby’s body. More damage the earlier into pregnancy

26
Q

Poliovirus

A

1/200 will have lasting CNS effects since CNS has low cell numbers

Poliomyelitis - paralysis

Diarrhea (GI tract) and flu symptoms

From Enterovirus genus

27
Q

Coxsackie virus

A

Hand, foot and mouth disease - common in < 5 yo

Contagious, spreads at daycares and schools

Rarely meningitis and encephalitis

Enterovirus

28
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

Causes croup (URT), bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia

Severe lower respiratory disease in children

Nosocomial spread

Transmission: fomites and large particle droplets

29
Q

Rhabdovirus

A

Rabies

Flu-like with hallucination, hydrophobia, excessive salivation, irritability, anxiety —> coma, death

Mostly from dogs

Negri bodies

Enveloped RNA rod shaped virus

30
Q

Coronavirus

A

Common cold

Largest RNA virus

Coronaviridae

Biofire test for various coronavirus

Pleomorphic morphology

31
Q

Specimen processing for Coronavirus

A

Real time rtPCR
antigen test FIA
Cepheid
Biofire

Nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab in VTM, saliva

Short term immunity due to antigenic changes in Spike protein

32
Q

Rotavirus

A

Naked dsDNA, resembles a wheel (rota-= wheel)

Gastroenteritis in children

Fecal oral route

33
Q

Fillviridae

A

Ebola virus

High mortality rate

Ebola hemorrhagic fever - fever, chills, myalgia, anorexia, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea

From infected humans and primates, possibly from bats but not known

Sub-Saharan Africa

34
Q

Rhinovirus

A

Common cold

Congestion, sneezing, sore throat, cough

Self-limiting

Transmission: inhalation of aerosols, fomites, contact with secretions

Infects nasal epithelial cells

35
Q

Retroviruses/Retroviridae

A

ssRNA, enveloped

Reverse transcriptase - makes proteins by converting RNA —> DNA —> various RNA like mRNA, tRNA, etc

Associated with cancers, immune system disorders, degenerative neurological disorders, leukemias, AIDs

36
Q

HIV

A

Acute infection:
- Flu-like symptoms
- high mutation rate and high reproduction rate prevents complete clearance by immune system

Latency period:
- virus infects T cells and macrophages/monocytes. Infected cells show no signs of infection so can go unnoticed by immune system
- increased T cells and dendritic cells infected = immune system falls apart

37
Q

HIV screening and confirmation

A

Screening: EIA - identifies HIV 1 and 2, p24
(+) = colored well, retest in duplicate
(-) = no further testing

Confirmatory: Western Blot or IF

38
Q

Western Blot - most important antibodies are against:

A

gp24, gp120, hp41

39
Q

Karposi’s Sarcoma

A

Caused by AIDS

Cancer of lymph vessel and blood vessel cells

Associated with HHV 8 virus

40
Q

HTLV I (Human T-lymphotropic virus)

A

T cell leukemia

41
Q

HTLV II (Human T-lymphotropic virus)

A

Hairy cell leukemia

42
Q

HIV testing

A

Serology

43
Q

Which virus has negri bodies?

A

Rhabdovirus (Rabies)

44
Q

Which virus has koilocytes?

A

HPV

45
Q

Which viruses have common cold as a symptom?

A

Coronavirus
Rhinovirus

46
Q

Which viruses have Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A

Zika
Influenza

47
Q

Which virus has a rodent as a vector?

A

Hantavirus (Bunyaviridae)

48
Q

Which viruses have hemorrhagic fever?

A

Hantavirus
Filoviridae (Ebola)
Dengue virus

49
Q

Leading cause of vector borne fever in the US

A

West Nile virus

50
Q

Only Flaviviridae that is NOT vector borne

A

Hepatitis C

51
Q

Largest of the RNA viruses

A

Coronavirus

52
Q

Which viruses have flu-like symptoms?

A

Poliovirus
Parvovirus
HIV (retrovirus) in acute stage

53
Q

Infectious mononucleosis viruses

A

EBV
CMV

54
Q

Papillomaviridae family for:

A

HPV

Microbiology (9 decks)

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