Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eukaryotic cell wall made of?

A

Chitin

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2
Q

What phyla has ribbon like non-septate hyphae?

A

Zygomycota

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3
Q

Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti)

A

Asexual reproduction by Conidia

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4
Q

4 phyla

A

Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycetes)

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5
Q

What agar should be used for hair, skin, and nail scrapings?

A

Mycosel agar - contains antibacterial and antifungal, KOH helps break down tissue for dermatophytes

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6
Q

Media for dimorphic fungi and dermatophytes?

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)

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7
Q

Media that inhibits bacteria (for initial isolation except dermatophytes)

A

Inhibitory mold agar (IMA)

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8
Q

2 types of blood culture media

A

Inhibitory mold agar - inhibits bacteria and isolates fungi

Brain-heart infusion agar

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9
Q

BHI + gentamicin + chloramphenicol + sheep’s blood

A

C. neoformans from contaminated specimens

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10
Q

What is Niger (bird) seed agar for?

A

Isolation of C. neoformans - brown colonies due to melanin production

Also for C. Albicans (yeast cells only) and C. Dubliniensis (extensive pseudo-hyphal growth)

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11
Q

What is cornmeal agar (CMA) for?

A

Wide range of fungi but mainly fungi imperfecti

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12
Q

What is malt extract agar for? (MEA)

A

Zygomycetes

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13
Q

What is yeast extract phosphate medium for? (YEP)

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis and histoplasma capsulatum

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14
Q

What is dermatophyte test medium (DTM) for?

A

Dermatophyte recovery from contaminated specimens, media turns pink —> red for dermatophytes

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15
Q

Rhizopus vs. Mucor?
(Part of Mucorales)

A

Rhizopus: brown rhizoids at base of sporangiophore, umbrella structure at end of conidiophore (most common Mucorale), sporangia/sponrangiospores not retained

Mucor: no rhizoids, sporangia/sporangiospore stays intact

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16
Q

Dermatophytes

A
  • hair, skin, nail infections
  • break down and utilize keratin

Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton
(remember two -phyton and one sporum)

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17
Q

Cutaneous mycoses (disease) in ringworm/Taenia

A

Tinea capitis: scalp hair loss
- Ectothrix: outside the shaft, permanent hair loss
- Endothrix: inside the shaft, temporary hair loss
- Favus: thick yellow crust, caused by T. schoenleinii
- Tinea barbae: beard hair loss, from animals

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18
Q

Ringworm infections

A
  • Tinea corporis: body
  • Tinea cruris: groin
  • Tinea pedis/manuum: food/hand “Athletes foot”
  • Tinea unguium: nails - discoloration
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19
Q

Trichophyton (Ascomcetes Phylum)
Part of Dermatophytes

A

Infected hairs do not fluoresce under Wood’s Lamp (UV)

Macroconidia - club shaped, rare, thin walled, smooth

Microconidia - numerous, spherical, pyriform (teardrop) or clavate (clublike)

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20
Q

Trichophyton rubrum

A

Does not perforate hair (ectothrix)

Slow growing

Urease (-)

Cherry red reverse surface

Microconidia - slender, clavate (clublike), tear shaped, birds on wire

Macroconidia: cigar shaped, rare

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21
Q

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

A

Perforates hair (extothrix)

Rapid growing

Urease (+)

Orange-red reverse surface

Coiled spiral hyphae

Microconidia - grape-like clusters

Macroconidia - cigar shaped

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22
Q

Trichophyton tonsurans

A

Epidemic form of tinea capitis (US)

Slow grower

Endothrix

Buff to brown, wrinkled, suede like

Reverse - yellow/reddish brown

Microconidia - flat base “matchstick”

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23
Q

Microsporum audouinii
(Dermatophytes)

A

Antler and raquet hyphae

Tinea capitis in children

Anthropophilic (attracted to humans as a source)

Ectothrix

Hair shafts fluoresce yellow-green

Cotton-y, salmon pink to reddish brown culture

Rice grain slopes (orange color on rice, not fluffy like M. canis)

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24
Q

Microsporum canis
(Dermatophytes)

A

Most common cause of ringworm in dogs and cats

Hair shafts fluoresce yellow-green under UV

Colonies: white, feathery border with yellow fringe
Reverse - bright yellow (or orange when aged)

Macroconidia: thick walled, spindle-shaped with curved ends, spiny projections on surface

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25
Q

Microsporum ferrugineum
(Dermatophytes)

A

*Endemic juvenile Tinea capitis in humans

Bamboo hyphae*

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26
Q

Epidermophyton floccusum
(Dermatophytes)

A

Skin and nail infection (not hair)

Anthropophilis

Colonies: brown yellow to olive gray or khaki, lumpy
Reverse - orange-brown, thin yellow border

No microconidia
Macroconidia: club shaped, rounded ends

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27
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A
  • White to blue-green colonies
  • Dichotomous branching of hyphae
  • Conidial heads
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28
Q

Aspergillus niger

A

Peppery colonies
Dark pigmented spores

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29
Q

Penicillium

A

Blue-green colonies, velvety

Brushlike or broomlike conidiophores

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30
Q

Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium lilacinum

A

Pink fuzzy

Looks similar to penicillium but pointier and oblong spores

31
Q

Fusarium

A

Canoe shaped macroconidia

Pink on media

Contact lens wearers

100% mortality in BM transplant infections

32
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

Broad base, lollipop like

Sexual stage - Ajellomyces dermatitidis

Lungs —> disseminates

33
Q

Coccidoides immitis

A

Valley Fever

Inhalation of arthrospores from soil or dust

Ice rink colonies

*Barrel-shaped arthroconidia

Spherules*

34
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

Cave disease/Darling disease

*Birds and bats

Tuberculate macroconidia*

35
Q

Sepedonium

A

Looks like histoplasma but noninfectious

36
Q

Sporothrix schenckii

A

Rose Gardener’s Disease

Transmission: thorns

*Flowerets attached to conidiophore

Cigar bodies*

37
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

A

South American blastocycosis

Chronic granulomatous disease

Mariner’s Wheel or Ship’s Wheel

38
Q

Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei

A

Wine red pigment

Looks like penicillium

39
Q

Hortaea werneckii

A

Tinea nigra - skin infection affecting palms of hands and soles on feet (black non-scaly macules)

Hyphal fragment and budding yeast

40
Q

Piedraia hortae (black piedra)

A

Hair and scalp infection

Dark brown black nodules on hair

Nodules contain asci

41
Q

White grain Mycetomas

A

Pseudallescheria boydii

Acremonium

Fusarium

42
Q

Pseudallescheria boydii

A

Sexual stage

Asexual stage = Scedosporium boydii

43
Q

Acremonium

A

Looks like a beehive (on an acre)

44
Q

Black grain Mycetomas

A

Curvularia

Madurella mycetomatis

Exophiala jeanselmei

45
Q

Curvularia

A

Looks like croissants (curved conidia)

46
Q

Madurella

A

Causes most cases of black grain eumycotic mycetoma in Africa

47
Q

Chromoblastomycosis

A

Copper bodies

Cladophialophora
Phialophora verrucosa
Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Rhinocladiella aquaspera

48
Q

Cladophialophora

A

Attaches at 2 spots

49
Q

Phialophora verrucosa

A

Vase shaped phialides with cup-like collarettes

50
Q

Fonsecaea

A

Copper pennies

Looks like asterisks

51
Q

Rhinocladiella aquaspera

A

Not branched, looks like longer stem than Cladosporium

52
Q

Phaeohyphomycosis

A

*Infection caused by dematiceous fungi)

53
Q

Alternia

A

Drugstick-like conidia

54
Q

Bipolaris

A

*Zig zag

Peas in a pod*

55
Q

Exseronilum rostratum

A

Fungal meningitis, looks similar to Bipolaris kind of

56
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

HIV/AIDS

Cyst, trophozoite, sporozoites stages

Needs tissue culture to grow (can’t grow on regular fungal media)

57
Q

Yeast that buds asexually

A

Blastoconidia

58
Q

Candida albicans

A

True germ tube

Green on chromagar

Pseudohyphae

59
Q

C. glabrata

A

Mauve colonies on CHROM

Rapid assimilation of Trechalose

Does not form pseudohyphae (feet) on colonies

funginemia in immunocompromised patients, fluconazole resistant

60
Q

C. krusei

A

Urea (v)

Innate resistance to Fluconazole

Resistance to Amphotericin B

61
Q

C. dubliniensis

A

Cannot grow at 42-45°C (differentiates from C. albicans)

62
Q

C. auris

A

Serious global threat

Resistant to all 3 antifungals

Does not form pseudohyphae or germ tube

Can persist on surfaces and spread between patients

63
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Polysaccharide capsule

Stain: India ink

C. neoformans and C. gattii produce phenoloxidase —> produces brown pigment on Niger Seed Agar

64
Q

C. gattii vs. C. neoformans

A

C. gattii turns blue on CGB agar

C. gattii from Eucalyptus trees

65
Q

Trichosporon

A

White piedra

Numerous anthroconidia - rectangular anthroconidia with round ends

Urease (+)

66
Q

Malassezia furfur

A

Tinea versicolor - brown lesions on light skin people, light lesions on darker skin people

67
Q

Malassezia pachydermatis

A

Fungemia in immunocompromised patients

68
Q

Malessezia

A

*Spaghetti and meatballs hyphal arrangement

Bowling pin or pop bottle morphology

Budding yeast with collarettes*

69
Q

Rhodotorula

A

Bright salmon pink color

Urease (+)

Capsulated

70
Q

5-Fluorocytosine (Flucytosine)

A

DNA and Protein Synthesis Inhibitor

71
Q

Fluconazole (part of Azole Agents) and Amphotericin B

A

Cell Membrane Inhibitor

C. krusei - resistant to fluconazole and Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B - binds esterol

72
Q

Echinocandin (1, 3 beta-glucan synthase)

A

Glucan synthesis inhibitor

73
Q

Sterile structures on which spore bearing Phialides are born in Penicillium

A

Metulae

74
Q

Sexual phase of zygomycetes

A

Zygospores