VIROLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
Site of latency for HSV-2
A
Lumbosacral ganglia
2
Q
Site of latency for HSV-1
A
Trigeminal ganglia
3
Q
Drug that reduces viral shredding in herpes
A
Acyclovir
4
Q
Virus causing heterophile positive mononucleosis.
A
Epstein Barr Virus
5
Q
Virus causing heterophile negative mononucleosis. (2)
A
- CMV
- T. gondii
6
Q
Virus causing umbilicated papules in dry areas but resemble herpes in moist genital areas , causing inflamed and ulcerative lesions.
A
Molluscum contagiosum
7
Q
Enterovirus causing pericarditis in adults and children.
A
Coxsackie B Virus
8
Q
Influenza immunologic type that undergoes reassortment of segments of the viral RNA genome.
A
Influenza A
This phenomenon is known as the antigenic shift.
9
Q
Protein that allows paramyxoviruses to evade antibody detection.
A
Fusion protein
10
Q
Average incubation period of COVID-19
A
5-6 days
It can be as long as 14 days
11
Q
Primary means of transmission of SARS-CoV 2.
A
Direct person to person respiratory transmission
12
Q
Drug used in COVID-19 that metabolized into a cytidine analog.
A
Molnupiravir
13
Q
Type specific envelope glycoprotein in HIV that is involved in antigenic variation.
A
gp120 mediates attachment of the HIV virus the CD4 protein
14
Q
Secondary receptors for macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1 ?
A
CCR5
15
Q
Secondary receptors for lymphocyte-tropic strains of HIV-1 ?
A
CXCR4
16
Q
HIV nucleocapsid protein that is detected in Western blot analysis.
A
p24
17
Q
CD4 T-cell counts of people living with HIV when opportunistic infections usually occur.
A
<200 cells / microliter
18
Q
Viral DNA commonly found in non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the central nervous system in patients with AIDS.
A
Epstein Barr Virus
Concerns are a common complication of AIDS , a consequence of immune suppression.
19
Q
Characteristics of osteomyelitis in HIV positive patients. (4)
A
- Periosteal new bone formation
- Necrosis absent
- Often unilateral
- Most common cause is S. aureus
20
Q
Characteristic of the mumps virus? (3)
A
- Humans are the only host
- Parotitis isn’t the only manifestation, can infect testes as well
- Most common manifestation is asymptomatic
21
Q
Type of influenza that causes antigenic drift and shift capable of pandemics.
A
Influenza A
22
Q
Type of Influenza that cause antigenic drift only?
A
Influenza B
23
Q
Disease caused by HTLV .
A
Adult T cell leukemia / lymphoma
24
Q
How long in weeks is the acute phase of HIV?
A
2-4weeks
25
Most common neurologic disorder in patients with AIDS.
AIDS dementia complex
26
It is a reactivation of latent chicken pox in sensory ganglia?
Herpes zoster
27
How to determine if there is an active ongoing dengue infection? (2)
1. Significant rise in antibody titer
2. Dengue IgM
28
Characteristic of Neonatal Herpes? (4)
1. HSV 2 carries a worse prognosis than HSV 1
2. Other sources of infection include family members and hospital personnel
3. No difference in the nature and severity of the disease whether acquired by premature or full term.
4. No difference in severity whether acquired during delivery or post-partum.
29
All RNA viruses are single-stranded except? (2)
1. Reovirus
2. Rotavirus
30
All RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except? (2)
1. Influenza
2. Retrovirus
31
Inclusions in Poliovirus ?
Cowdry type B intranuclear inclusions
32
What polio vaccination is killed?
Salk
33
What polio vaccination is live and attenuated?
Sabin
34
Which polio vaccine is given orally?
Sabin (live)
35
Poliovirus is acid ___________.
Stable
36
What part of the spinal cord does polio affect?
Anterior horn thus causing paralysis.
37
Virus that can cause hand foot and mouth disease?
Coxsackie A
38
Extreme pain in the lower chest caused by Coxsackie B?
Bornholm’s disease or Devils grip
39
Coxsackie virus that can cause myocarditis?
Coxsackie B
40
Late sequelae of Coxsackie myocarditis ?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
41
Coxsackie virus that can cause herpangina?
Coxsackie A
42
Route of transmission of echoviruses?
Feco-oral
43
Rhinovirus is acid ________?
Labile
44
Family of Rhinovirus is?
Picornavirus
45
Ideal temperature for rhinovirus growth.
33 c
46
MCC of common colds?
Rhinovirus
47
Most common etiologic agent of aseptic meningitis?
Non-polio enteroviruses
48
Hepatitis A virus is acid ________.
Stable
49
Route of transmission of hepatitis A?
Feco-oral
50
Family of hepatitis A virus?
Picornavirus
51
Most important serologic marker to diagnose hepatitis A?
anti-HAV IgM
52
Route of transmission of hepatitis E?
Feco-oral
53
Population with high mortality from Hep E?
Pregnant woman
54
Most common cause of childhood diarrhea?
Rotavirus
55
Complication associated with rotavirus vaccination?
Intussusception
56
Wheel-shaped RNA virus?
Rotavirus
57
Complication associated with rotavirus vaccination?
Intussusception
58
Is rotavirus enveloped?
No
59
Two major antigens of influenza?
Hemagglutinin (H)
Neuraminidase (N)
60
What subtype of Influenza A caused the swine flu?
H1N1
61
What subtype of Influenza A caused the avian flu?
H5N1
62
Antigenic mutation that can cause a pandemic?
Antigenic Shifts
63
Antigenic mutation that can cause a epidemic ?
Antigenic Drifts
64
Antigenic mutation that is slow and progressive?
Antigenic Drifts
65
Antigenic mutation that is sudden ?
Antigenic Shifts
66
Family of Influenza?
Orthomyxovirus
67
Hemagglutinin binds to this to facilitate endocytosis?
Sialic acid
68
MOA of zanamivir and oseltamivir in influenza infection?
Neuraminidase inhibitors ( inh the release of virus)
69
Anti-influenza drugs that inhibits viral coating ?
Amantadine & Rimantadine
70
Family of Measles?
Paramyxovirus
71
Histopathologic findings in measles infection?
Warthin-Finkeldey Bodies
(Grape -like clusters or Mulberry)
72
Pathognomonic enanthem in measles?
Koplik spots
73
Supplementation that can reduce measles severity?
Vitamin A
74
Surface protein responsible for production of Warthin-Finkeldey cells in measles?
Surface F protein (Fusion)
75
Measles aka ____________.
Rubeola
76
Fatal late sequelae associated with measles infection?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
77
Most common complication of Measles?
Otitis media
78
Most common life threatening complication of measles?
Pneumonia from secondary bacterial infection
79
Complication of measles in immunocompromised patients with high mortality rates ?
Giant cell pneumonia
80
Does measles immunity confer lifelong immunity?
Yes
81
Mode of transmission of measles ?
Respiratory route ( inhalation droplets)
82
Most characteristic feature of Mumps ?
Salivary gland swelling
83
Most common CNS involvement of Mumps?
Aseptic meningitis
84
Paramyxovirus that can cause pancreatitis?
Mumps
85
Most important cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
Parainfluenza
86
Most common influenza complication of parainfluenza virus ?
Otitis media
87
Monoclonal antibody used to prevent RSV pneumonia in premature infants .
Palivizumab (antibody against fusion protein of RSV)
88
Genus of the rabies virus?
Lyssaviridae
89
Family of the rabies virus?
Rhabdoviridae
90
Shape of the rabies virus ?
Bullet-shaped
91
Histopathologic finding in rabies?
Negri bodies
92
Location of negri bodies in the CNS?
Hippocampal pyramidal cells &
Cerebellar Purkinje cells
93
Genome of coronavirus ?
Single stranded positive sense RNA
94
Four main structural proteins of coronavirus?
Spike
Membrane
Envelope
Nucleocapsid
95
Structural protein of coronavirus important for host attachment.
Spike protein
96
Geographic origin of beta variant of SARS-CoV2
South Africa
97
Geographic origin of delta variant of SARS-CoV2?
India
98
Geographic origin of omicron variant of SARS-CoV2?
South Africa & Botswana
99
Geographic origin of alpha variant of SARS-CoV2?
United kingdom
100
Receptor coronavirus uses to bind to the respiratory tract.
ACE 2
101
Most reliable diagnostic test for dengue?
Paired Acute & Convalescent Sera
102
Vector for dengue?
Aedes aegypti mosquito
103
Non-specific test for capillary fragility in dengue?
Tourniquet test
104
CBC finding suggesting hemoconcentration in dengue l
Increased hematocrit
105
Hepatitis virus associated with cryoglobulins.
Hepatitis C
106
Mechanism for antigenic variation in HCV.
Lack 3’-5’ exonuclease ( no proofreading ability of its envelope proteins)
107
Genome of Hepatitis C.
Positive sense RNA
108
Most common route of transmission of HCV
Direct percutaneous exposures to blood
109
Cause of third disease.
Rubella
(Rubellla)
110
Other names of Rubella?
German Measles , Third disease , 3- day measles
111
Classic location of lymphadenopathy in Rubella?
Posterior auricular
112
Congenital heart disease associated with congenital rubella infection?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
113
Receptor responsible for viral tropism EBV?
CD21
114
Receptor responsible for viral tropism of CMV?
Integrins (Heparan Sulfate)
115
Receptor responsible for viral tropism of Parvovirus B19?
P antigen
116
Receptor responsible for viral tropism of Rhinovirus ?
ICAM-1
117
The only DNA viruses that acquire their envelope from host cell nuclear membrane?
Herpes viruses (others are derived from cell membrane)
118
What virus can serpiginous or dendritic ulcers of the cornea?
HSV-1
119
What lobe is most commonly affected in Herpes encephalitis?
Temporal lobes ( Bilaterally)
120
Painful vesicles on fingers seen in dentists from HSV-1 infection?
Herpetic whitlow
121
Is HSV enveloped or naked?
Enveloped
122
Where are cowdry bodies seen in herpes infections?
Intranuclear
123
Early manifestation of PRIMARY HSV-1 infection?
Gingivostomatitis
124
Common manifestation of reactivation of HSV-1 infection?
Herpes labialis (cold sores)
125
Where does HSV-1 stay latent ?
Trigeminal ganglion
126
HSV-2 stays latent in ____________.
Lumbosacral ganglia
127
Which HSV most commonly cause genital herpes?
HSV-2
128
Findings on Tzanck smear of HSV lesions?
Multinucleated giant cells
129
What is Human Herpes virus 1 ?
Herpes Simplex Virus
130
Specific cranial nerve that can be affected by VZV ?
Cranial Nerve V1
131
What causes shingles?
Varicella Zoster Reactivation
132
Findings on Tzanck smear of VZV lesions?
Multinucleated giant cells
133
Specific cells seen on peripheral blood smear during EBV infection?
Downey Type II atypical CD8+ T cells
134
Antigen produced by EBV when the virus is actively replicating?
Viral capsid antigen
135
Antigen from EBV in latent infection?
Epstein -barr nuclear antigen
136
Subtypes of Hodgkins lymphoma strongly associated with EBV?
Mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depleted
137
Virus involved in primary CNS lymphoma?
EBV
138
Where is EBV latent?
B cells
139
Which human herpes virus is associated with nasopharyngeal CA?
HHV-4 or EBV
140
Feared traumatic complication after EBV infection?
Splenic rupture
141
Rapid diagnostic test for EBV?
Monospot test
142
Esophagitis with punched out ulcerations can be caused by what virus?
HSV-1
143
Esophagitis with linear ulcerations can be caused by what virus?
CMV
144
Non-specific inclusion bodies seen in CMV?
Owl’s eye inclusions
145
Most common congenital infection in developed world?
CMV
146
DNA of CMV is linear or circular?
Linear
147
Is CMV enveloped?
Yes
148
Finding of CMV retinitis on fundoscopy?
Cotton-wool spots
149
CD4 count is likely ________ if disseminated CMV infection occurs.
<50
150
Herpes virus associated with febrile seizures?
Roseola (HHV -6 )
151
Roseola is also known as?
Exanthema subitum / Sixth Disease
152
What symptoms comes first in roseola?
Fever
153
What causes kaposi sarcoma?
HHV-8
154
What does HHV-8 inactivate to cause kaposi ?
Rb tumor suppressor protein
155
The only DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm?
Poxviridae
156
In what infection do you expect to find Guarnieri bodies?
Small pox
157
Distribution of small pox ?
Centrifugal
158
Only DNA viruses without icosahedral symmetry?
Poxviridae
159
Where the Guarnieri bodies found in the cell?
Intracytoplasmic
160
What allows poxvirus to replicate in the cytoplasm ?
DNA- dependent RNA polymerase
161
Inclusion bodies seen in molluscum contagiosum?
Henderson- Paterson bodies
162
Serologic marker to indicate likelihood of transmission of Hep B?
HBeAg
163
Description of DNA of Hepatitis B?
Incomplete circular dsDNA
164
Having this antigen means patient is currently infected ?
HBsAg
165
What antibodies are seen during the window period of Hep B infection?
Anti-HBc IgM
166
What glomerulonephritis can hepatitis B cause? (2)
1. Membranous GN
2. Membranoproliferative GN
167
Vascular manifestation of Hepatitis B infection ?
Polyarteritis nodosa
168
Family of Hepatitis B?
Hepadnavirus
169
What Hepa B marker indicates low transmissibility?
Anti-HBe
170
Genome of Parvoviridae?
Single stranded DNA
171
Disease caused by Parvovirus B19 in children?
Fifth disease/ Erythema infectiosum
172
Disease caused by Parvo B19 in fetuses?
Hydrops fetalis
173
Appearance of rash in fifth disease?
Slapped cheek rash
174
What antigen does parvovirus B19 target?
P antigen found on erythroid progenitor cells
175
Is Parvovirus enveloped?
No
176
Is Adenovirus enveloped?
No
177
Genitourinary manifestation of adenovirus?
Hemorrhagic cystitis
178
Which part of the respiratory tract can HPV infect?
True vocal cords
179
Morphologic hallmark of HPV infected cells ?
Koilocytic atypia ( epithelial cells with perinuclear halos)
180
E7 protein of HPV binds and inhibits __________ protein.
Rb tumor suppressor protein
181
E6 protein of HPV binds and inhibits __________.
P53
182
Most common cause of cervical CA?
HPV 16 infection ( more than half attributed on HPV 16)
183
HPV subtypes associated with cervical CA?
HPV 16, 18, 31, 33
184
What causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
JC Polyoma Virus
185
What causes hemorrhagic cystitis in transplant patients?
BK polyoma virus
( JC on my brain (CNS), BK on my Bladder)
186
Is BK virus enveloped?
No
187
What drug increases risk of developing PML? (2)
1. Rituximab
2. Natalizumab
188
What 2 cells are responsible for carrying HIV through the BBB?
Monocytes & Macrophages
189
Most common CNS complication of AIDS?
AIDS -dementia complex
190
Matrix protein of HIV ?
p17
191
Capsid protein of HIV?
p24
192
Regulatory protein of HIV that transcriptionally activates viral genes?
Tat
193
Mutation that can cause resistance to HIV?
Homozygous CCR5 mutation
194
Coreceptor responsible for HIV entry into macrophages?
CCR5
195
CD4 count criteria for AIDS?
Less than 200
196
Enzymes that pol gene of HIV encodes ? (3)
1. Reverse transcriptase
2. Aspartate protease
3. Integrase
197
Env gene of HIV encodes? (2)
Surface antigens
1. gp120
2. gp41
198
Gene that encodes for p24 and p17 in HIV?
gag
199
Coreceptor responsible for HIV entry into T-cells?
CXCR4
200
HIV glycoprotein that binds to CD4?
gp120
201
Transmembrane protein of HIV for synctia formation?
gp41
202
Drug that binds to HIVs gp41?
Enfuvirtide
203
HIV gp160 protein is cleaved into what 2 envelope glycoproteins?
gp41 & gp120
204
CD 4 count to expect in CMV retinitis?
<50
205
CD4 count to expect in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis?
<200
206
CD4 count to expect in PCP pneumonia?
<200
207
CD4 count to expect in esophageal candidiasis?
<500
208
CCR5 inhibitor that inhibits HIV entry into macrophages?
Maraviroc
209
Function of Nef protein in HIV?
Down regulation of CD4 and MHC-1
210
What to suspect in HIV patient with ring enhancing lesion on cranial CT.
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
211
Most common cause of CAP in HIV patients?
Strep pneumonia
212
Viral infections associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?
HIV & Hepatitis C
213
Cause of adult T-cell leukemia?
HTLV - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus
214
CNS disease that can be prevented with a vaccine ?
Japanese B encephalitis
215
Epidemiologic features of measles?
1. Highly contagious
2. No animal reservoir
3. Lifelong immunity
216
Most commonly used to detect viral RNA in clinical specimens?
RT-PCR
217
Ability of the immune system to recognize self-antigens versus non-self antigen?
Tolerance
218
TORCH infection with mental retardation, microcephaly, deafnes?
Congenital rubella
219
Genital Herpes is caused by ____________?
HSV2
220
Gross pathologic change caused by the herpes simplex virus is caused by?
Resultant necrosis from cytolytic infection
221
Key pathological features of dengue hemorrhagic fever? (4)
1. Increased vascular permeability
2. Plasma leakage into interstitial space
3. Increased vasoactive cytokines
4. Shock
222
Why does second dengue infection have higher fatality rate than the first?
Preexisting dengue antibody formed complex with the virus promoting infection to more mononuclear cells.
223
How is dengue treated and controlled?
Fluid replacement therapy
224
Cardinal pathogenic feature of HIV infection?
Depletion of T lymphocytes (CD4)
225
Best predictor of long term clinical outcome HIV infection.
Plasma viral load
226
Predominant cause or morbidity and mortality among patients with late-stage HIV infection?
Opportunistic Infections
227
Major target cell of EBV?
B lymphocytes
228
Has direct cytotoxic activity and can kill infected cells?
CD8 T helper cells
229
Primary target cell of HIV ?
T lymphocytes (CD4)
230
Negative sense RNA ? (3)
1. Antisense
2. RNA - dependent RNA polymerase
3. Cannot encode proteins , must be converted to mRNA first
231
Mobile and transferable segments of bacterial DNA “jumping genes”.
Transposons
232
Reason for call to clean up water-holding receptacles and plant containers close to homes?
Mosquito breeds in this water and travel to homes
233
Enhanced 4s Strategy: Action Barangay Kontra Dengue in Communities (4S)
1. Search and Destroy
2. Seek early consultation
3. Self-protection measures
4. Say yes to fogging only during outbreaks
234
MCC viral infection in reproductive system?
HPV
235
Describe Poliovirus? (5)
1. Childhood disease
2. High grade fever
3. Patchy areas of flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy
4. Destruction of Lower Motor Neurons
5. Global campaign to eradicate disease (WHO)
236
Describe Infectious Mononucleosis? (6)
1. EBV
2. Malaise , headache, fatigue and sore throat
3. Lymphadenopathy & splenomegaly
4. Elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Bilirubin
5. Elevated WBC , lymphocytic predominance - large atypical T lymphocytes
6. Recovery after 4-5 weeks
237
Has malignant transformation and Aka as Burkitt Lymphoma?
EBV
238
Describe Hemorrhagic Dengue? (3)
1. Fever, muscle, bone pain, then bleeding , shock and eventually death
2. Probably due to second dengue infection with a different serotype as previous infection
3. Key feature is increased vascular permeability
239
Describe Herpes progenitalis? (3)
1. Multiple painful lesions of grouped vesicles on suprapubic area
2. Sexually transmitted
3. Tzanck Smear
