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PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Type of host where the parasite attains sexual maturity?

A

Definitive host

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2
Q

Type of host that harbors the asexual or larval stage.

A

Intermediate host

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3
Q

Type of host where the parasite does not develop but remains alive and can infect others.

A

Paratenic host

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4
Q

Type of host that allows the life cycle to continue and is a source of human infections.

A

Reservoir host

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5
Q

What is the vector for the trench fever?

A

Human body louse

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6
Q

What is the vector for the plague ?

A

Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)

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7
Q

What is the vector for relapsing fever from B. recurrentis?

A

Human body louse

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8
Q

What is the vector for chikungunya?

A

Aedes mosquito

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9
Q

What is the vector for dengue?

A

Aedes mosquito

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10
Q

The aedes mosquito is the vector of three important viral conditions.

A
  1. Dengue
  2. Yellow fever
  3. Chikungunya
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11
Q

Vector for Japanese encephalitis?

A

Culex

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12
Q

Vector for Malaria?

A

Anopheles

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13
Q

Vector for H. nana ?

A

Confused beetle (Tribolium confusum)
(Think Nana : Nani? )

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14
Q

Vector for Chagas disease?

A
  1. Kissing
  2. Reduviid
  3. Assassin bug
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15
Q

Vector for African sleeping sickness?

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina)

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16
Q

Vector for Kala-azar?

A

Leishmaniasis: Sandfly

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17
Q

Vector for Onchocerca volvulus?

A

Blackfly (Simulium)

Remember that the Onchocerca causes river blindness.
All you see is black = blackfly

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18
Q

Vector for Loa loa ?

A

Deer / Mango/ Horse fly (Chrysops)

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19
Q

Histopathology appearance of intestinal lesion caused by entamoeba histolytica?

A

Flask -shaped narrow necked ulcers

Compared to Balantidium coli, whose lesions appear as round based wide necked ulcers.

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20
Q

Most common location of E. histolytica in the intestines.

A

Cecum

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21
Q

Route of spread of E. histolytica to the liver?

A

Portal circulation

Microemboli that include trophozoites are carried through the portal circulation

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22
Q

Rare skin complication caused by E. histolytica?

A

Amoebiasis cutis - reddish painful ulcer with wine like inflammatory halo.

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23
Q

Luminal agents used in conjunction with tissue amebicides in amebic dysentery. (3)

A
  1. Dilaxonide furoate
  2. Iodoquinol
  3. Paromomycin
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24
Q

Common commensal Entamoeba species morphologically similar to E. histolytica but are non-pathogenic?

A

Entamoeba dispar

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25
Q

Specific diagnostic tool for Giardia lamblia.

A

Enterotest or Doudenal String Test

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26
Q

Stool characteristic of Giardiasis.

A

Steatorrheic

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27
Q

Free living soil amebae implicated in primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) and granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE). (3)

A
  1. Naegleria fowleri
  2. Acanthamoeba castellanii
  3. Balamuthia mandrillaris
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28
Q

Gold standard in the diagnosis of Trichomoniasis vaginalis?

A

NAAT - Nucleic Acid Amplification Test

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29
Q

Characteristic internal examination finding in females with trichomoniasis.

A

Strawberry cervix

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30
Q

Presentation of trichomoniasis in males.

A

Prostatitis , Urethritis , thin white urethral discharge in 10% .
Trichomoniasis can also cause purulent penile discharge

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31
Q

Species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis confined to a single , indolent, ulcerative lesion that heals in about 1 year.

A

Leishmania mexicana

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32
Q

Vector of transmission for african tryponosomiasis.

A

Tsentse fly (Glossina)

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33
Q

Plasmodium species with hypnozoite forms in the liver. (2)

A

P. vivax & P. ovale

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34
Q

Reservoir of Balantidium coli.

A

Pigs

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35
Q

Drug used to kill schizonts in the liver.

A

Primaquine

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36
Q

Form of ascaris lumbricoides in the lungs.

A

Larvae

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37
Q

Infective stage of ascaris lumbricoides ?

A

Embryonated egg

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38
Q

Pathophysiology of acute appendicitis and acute pancreatitis in Ascariasis.

A

Migration of worms causing lumen blockage

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39
Q

Microscopic characteristic of trichuris trichiura eggs.

A

Barrel shape with two terminal polar plugs.

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40
Q

Microscopic characteristic of Capillaria philippinensis eggs.

A

Peanut shaped with triated shells and flattened bipolar plugs

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41
Q

Organisms causing a coconut cake appearance of the rectum.

A

Trichuris trichiura

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42
Q

Nematode whose adult forms resides in the host’s body cavities, most commonly in the peritoneal or pleural cavity.

A

Mansonella perstans

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43
Q

What are the 3 species of Mansonella and what area of body they reside?

A
  1. M. perstans- redides in body cavities
  2. M. ozzardi - subcutaneous tissue
  3. M. streptocerca - in the dermis
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44
Q

Culture for growing hookworms?

A

Harada -Mori culture

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45
Q

What are the intestinal nematodes residing in the large intestine? (2)

A
  1. Trichuris trichiura
  2. Entorobius vermicularis

(Large TE)

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46
Q

What are the intestinal nematodes residing in the small intestines ? (4)

A
  1. Capillaria
  2. Ascaris
  3. Strongyloides
  4. Hookworms

(Small CASH)

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47
Q

Intestinal nematode that can cause vulvovaginitis.

A

Entorobius vermicularis

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48
Q

Soil transmitted helminths. (4)

A
  1. Ascaris
  2. Trichuris
  3. Hookworms
  4. Strongyloides
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49
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in the drug of choice for Strongyloidiasis.

A

GABA

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50
Q

Nematode that undergo lung migration? (4)

A
  1. Ascaris lumbricoides
  2. Strongyloides stercoralis
  3. Hookworms: Necator Americanus , Ancylostoma duodenale

(ASH causes cough )

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51
Q

Organisms that cause auto infection. (6)

A
  1. Strongyloides stercoralis
  2. Hymenolepsis nana
  3. Capillaria philippinensis
  4. Enterobius vermicularis
  5. Cryptosporidium parvum
  6. Taenia solium

“ Some Helminths Can Enter the Colon Twice”

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52
Q

Diagnostic test of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi.

A

Microfilariae

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53
Q

Cause of the most significant pathologies of schistosome infection.

A

Schistosome eggs

  • the hundreds to thousands of eggs released by the female schistosome are swept by the circulation and lodge into the different organs. They cause a granulomatous reaction that surrounds them, leading to fibrosis.
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54
Q

Parasite that resides in both superior and inferior mesenteric veins of the small intestine?

A

Schistosoma japonicum

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55
Q

Parasite that resides in the inferior mesenteric veins of the large intestine?

A

S. mansoni

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56
Q

Parasite that resides in the veins of the urinary bladder

A

S. haematobium

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57
Q

Parasite associated with squamous cell carcinoma iof teh bladder?

A

S. haematobium

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58
Q

Parasitic infection that closely resembles pulmonary Tb and manifests as chronic cough with bloody sputum?

A

Paragonimiasis

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59
Q

Disease caused by Taenia solium when humans are its intermediate host.

A

Cysticercosis

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60
Q

Most pathogenic species of malaria.

A

P. falciparum

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61
Q

Identify the disease and pathogen:
Vaginal discharge, vulvar pruritus, watery, whitish urethral discharge.

A

Trichomoniasis - Trichomonas vaginalis

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62
Q

Smallest tapeworm infecting man.

A

Hymenolepis nana

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63
Q

Characteristics of Strongyloides. (4)

A
  1. Undergoes free-living life cycle in soil
  2. Produces filariform larvae
  3. Migrating larvae induce marked eosinophilia
  4. Infect by penetration of intact skin
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64
Q

Only infection of the reproductive tract caused by a protozoan.

A

Trichomoniasis

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65
Q

Parasite that produces stools that are steatorrheic or gruelly.

A

Giardia lamblia

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66
Q

Preferred test for detecting T. vaginalis with high sensitivity.

A

NAAT

Wet mounts are definitely convenient but they have low sensitivity

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67
Q

Ova that float in the saturated salt solution. (5)

A

Fertilized eggs of:
1. Enterobius vermicularis
2. Ascaris lumbricoides
3. Ancylostoma duodenale
4. Trichuris trichiura
5. Hymenolepis nana

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68
Q

Organism that can cause acalculous cholecystitis.

A

Malaria , due to increased hemolysis.

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69
Q

Enterobius belongs to which class of worm?

A

Nematode

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70
Q

Child from southern province thin with potbelly revealing microcytic, hypochromic anemia and fecal exam reveals brown , oval nematode eggs.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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71
Q

Infective stage in neurocysticercosis.

A

Embryonated egg

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72
Q

Infective stage in Taeniasis.

A

Cysticerci

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73
Q

Most common CC in Taeniasis.

A

Passage of proglottids or segments in stool.

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74
Q

Definitive host in Taeniasis?

A

Human

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75
Q

Humans are what type of host in cysticercosis?

A

Intermediate host (they harbor the larval state)

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76
Q

Management of Taeniasis?

A

Praziquantel

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77
Q

Which taenia can be acquired from ingestion of uncooked beef ?

A

T. saginata

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78
Q

Which Taenia can be acquired from ingestion of uncooked pork?

A

T. solium (pork tapeworm)

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79
Q

AKA fish tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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80
Q

All cestode eggs are non-operculared except?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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81
Q

1st Intermediate host of D. latum?

A

Copepods

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82
Q

2nd Intermediate host of D. latum?

A

Dish

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83
Q

Hematologic abnormality associated with D. latum ?

A

Megaloblastic anemia ( Vit B12 deficiency)

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84
Q

Management of D. latum?

A

Praziquantel

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85
Q

Intermediate host of E. granulosus? (2)

A

Sheep and Man

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86
Q

Definitive host of E. granulosus?

A

Dog

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87
Q

Life threatening complications of rupture of E. granulosus cyst?

A

Anaphylaxis

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88
Q

Where are echinococcal cysts most commonly found?

A

In the liver (Inferior Right Lobe)

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89
Q

Triad of human cystic echinococcosis?

A
  1. Intermittent jaundice
  2. Fever
  3. Eosinophilia
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90
Q

What sign is seen in ultrasonography in echinococcosis?

A

Water Lilly Sign

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91
Q

Small fox tapeworm?

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

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92
Q

Dwarf tapeworm?

A

Hymenolepis nana

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93
Q

Treatment of choice in H. nana infections?

A

Praziquantel

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94
Q

Largest and longest tapeworm?

A

D. latum

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95
Q

Which major intestinal protozoans are acquired via drinking their cysts in contaminated water? (3)

A
  1. Giardia
  2. Entamoeba histolytica
  3. Cryptosporidium
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96
Q

Infective form of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Quadrinucleated / Mature cyst

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97
Q

Habitat for all entamoeba in the GIT?

A

Cecum

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98
Q

Form of Entamoeba more seen in formed non-diarrheal stool?

A

Cyst

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99
Q

Form of Entamoeba more seen in diarrheal stool?

A

Trophozoite

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100
Q

Classic appearance of trophozoites in Entamoeba infection?

A

Contains ingested red blood cells ( Erythrophagocytosis)

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101
Q

Classic appearance of ulcers in Entamoeba infections?

A

Erlenmeyer flask ulcers ( due to lateral burrowing)

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102
Q

Protozoan that causes Erlenmeyer flask ulcers in the colon?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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103
Q

Type of diarrhea caused by E. histolytica? ( bloody vs non-bloody)

A

Usually Bloody

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104
Q

Most common extraintestinal form of E. histolytica infections?

A

Amebic liver abscess

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105
Q

Most common cause of liver abscess in developing countries?

A

E. histolytica

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106
Q

Drug of choice for invasive amebiasis?

A

Metronidazole

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107
Q

Drug of choice for asymptomatic cyst passers of E. histolytica? (3)

A
  1. Diloxanide furoate
  2. Iodoquinol
  3. Paromomycin
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108
Q

Classic description of amebic liver abscess consistency?

A

Anchovy paste consistency

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109
Q

What causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) ?

A

Naegleria fowleri

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110
Q

What causes secondary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) ?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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111
Q

Etiology of granulomatous amebic encephalitis?

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

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112
Q

Where do humans usually acquire N. fowleri?

A

Warm fresh water ( hot springs)

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113
Q

How does N. fowleri enter the CNS?

A

Via the cribriform plate

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114
Q

Associated with amebic keratitis in contact lens wearers?

A

Acanthamoeba castellanii

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115
Q

Motility of Giardia trophozoites?

A

Falling / Floating leaf motility

116
Q

Giardia produces this substance to promote intestinal adherence?

A

Lectin

117
Q

Description of diarrhea from Giardiasis?

A

Floating , Foul smelling Steatorrhea

118
Q

What primary immunodeficiency predisposes one to Giardia infections?

A

Selective IgA deficiency (IgA is important dor mucosal surface)

119
Q

What provides antigenic variation in Giardia?

A

Variant Surface Proteins

120
Q

DOC for Giardiasis in adults?

A

Tinidazole

121
Q

Trophozoites found in stool with an old man with eyeglasses, morphology is likely the trophozoite of what organism?

A

Giardia lamblia

122
Q

DOC of Giardiasis in children ?

A

Metronidazole

123
Q

What site of the GIT is most heavily infected in Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Jejunum

124
Q

What is the infective stage of Cryptosporidium in autoinfection ?

A

Thin-walled oocysts

125
Q

Severe extra-intestinal complication of Cryptosporidium!

A

Gangrenous cholecystitis

126
Q

Stain used to identify Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Kinyoun acid fast stain

127
Q

DOC for C. hominis infections in immunocompetent ?

A

Nitazoxanide

128
Q

A Kinyoun acid fast stain of diarrheal stool shows pink donuts against a blue background. What is the likely etiology?

A

Cyptosporidium hominis / parvum

129
Q

Besides HIV , what immunodeficiency can predispose one to Cryptosporidium infections?

A

Hyper-IgM Syndrome

130
Q

Does trichomonas vaginalis have a cyst form?

A

No trophozoite form only

131
Q

A strawberry cervix should make you suspect?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

132
Q

Vaginitis with green, , malodorous , frothy discharge should make you suspect?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

133
Q

Motility of Trichomonas trophozoites on wet mount?

A

Corkscrew motility

134
Q

DOC against Trichomonas?

A

Metronidazole single oral dose 2g

135
Q

Infective stage of Leishmaniasis?

A

Promastigotes

136
Q

Diagnostic stage of Leishmaniasis?

A

Amastigotes ( usually intracellularly in macrophages)

137
Q

Where is the amastigote form of Leishmania spp. found?

A

Within Macrophages

138
Q

Visceral Leishmaniasis is also known as?

A

Kala-azar or black fever

139
Q

Leishmania amastigotes: flagellated or non-flagillated ?

A

Non-flagillated

140
Q

Leishmania promastigotes: flagellated or non-flagillated ?

A

Flagellated

141
Q

What causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania brazilliensis

142
Q

What causes visceral leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania donovani

143
Q

Leishmania infection characterized by multiple lesions of the nose and mouth and septal ulceration?

A

Espundia

144
Q

What protozoal infection can cause cardiomyopathy, mega colon and achalasia?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

145
Q

Sign in chagas disease characterized by swelling around the eye.

A

Romaña Sign

146
Q

What protozoan causes the leading cause of congestive heart failure in Latin America?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease)

147
Q

Two possible treatments for Chagas disease?

A
  1. Nifurtimox
  2. Benznidazole
148
Q

Type of cardiomyopathy seen in Chagas disease?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

149
Q

What causes African sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei subspecies

150
Q

Presence of ___________ in blood is diagnostic of African sleeping sickness?

A

Trpomastigotes

151
Q

What causes antigenic variation in T. brucei?

A

Surface glycoproteins

152
Q

Which subspecies of T. brucei is found in West Africa?

A

T. brucei gambiense

(West G, East Road)

153
Q

What subspecie of T. brucei is found in East Africa?

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

(West G, East Road)

154
Q

Which specie of T. brucei is most fatal?

A

Rhodesiense

155
Q

Enlargement of posterior cervical LN seen in early phase of African sleeping sickness?

A

Winterbottom sign

156
Q

What do you call the characteristic plasma cells seen in African sleeping sickness?

A

Morula cells of Mott
(Contains cytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules)

157
Q

Deep hyperesthesia seen in African sleeping sickness is also known as ?

A

Kerandel Sign

158
Q

What disease is Kerandel associated with?

A

African Sleeping Sickness

159
Q

Early T. brucei rhodesiense infections are treated with ?

A

Suramin

160
Q

Late stage of T. brucei rhodesiense infections are treated with ?

A

Melarsoprol

161
Q

Considered the most important parasitic disease in man?

A

Malaria

162
Q

Infective stage of plasmodium?

A

Sporozoites

163
Q

What antigen is necessary for P. vivax to enter cells?

A

Duffy antigen

164
Q

The duffy antigen is necessary for what Plasmodium species to infect cells?

A

P. vivax

165
Q

Plasmodium that infects mature RBCs only ?

A

P. malariae

M= Mature

166
Q

Plasmodium that infects all stages of RBCs?

A

P. falciparum

167
Q

Stage of plasmodium carried in Anopheles mosquito saliva?

A

Sporozoites

168
Q

Which plasmodium species can have dormant hepatic hypnozoites?

A

P. vivax & P. ovale

169
Q

Malariae that causes quartan fevers?

A

P. malariae

170
Q

Tertian malaria has a fever that occurs every _______ hrs.

A

48

171
Q

Quartan malaria has a fever that occurs every ________ hrs.

A

72

172
Q

What is the shape of P. falciparum gametocytes?

A

Banana-like

173
Q

Thick vs Thin smear
In diagnosing Malaria, which one can be used for species identification?

A

Thin smear

174
Q

Term for malarial dots seen in P. ovale and vivax.

A

Schuffner dots

175
Q

In what infection are Maurer dots seen?

A

P. falciparum

176
Q

In what infection are Zeimann dots seen?

A

P. Malariae

177
Q

Malaria that leads to acute renal failure is also known as __________?

A

Black water fever

178
Q

What infection presents with the characteristic Maltese cross on blood smear?

A

Babeiosis

179
Q

What parasite can cause strawberry cervix?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

180
Q

What is the pH of vaginal secretions in Trichomonal infections?

A

> 4.5

181
Q

What lymphatic filariasis appears with kinky microfilariae?

A

Brugia spp.

182
Q

What lymphatic filariasis appears with smooth microfilariae?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

183
Q

What lymphatic filariasis causes hydrocele?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

184
Q

What lymphatic filariasis causes elephantiasis?

A

Brugia spp.

185
Q

When should be specimen collection be done for lymphatic microfilariae?

A

8pm to 4am
(Nocturnal periodicity)

186
Q

Causes guinea worm disease?

A

Dracunculus medinensis

187
Q

Whip worm aka _________?

A

Trichuris trichiura

188
Q

Drug of choice for Onchocerciasis?

A

Ivermectin

189
Q

Parasite that causes River blindness ?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

(Onchocerca volvulag)

190
Q

Parasite that cause nocturnal pruritus ani?

A

Entorobius vermicularis

191
Q

Parasite that cause conchin china diarrhea?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

192
Q

Parasite infection that causes an acute abdomen after eating raw ceviche or fish?

A

Anisakiasis

193
Q

Which three nematodes can result in superinfection?

A
  1. Ascaris
  2. Strongyloides
  3. Capillariasis

(Super Strong Captain Asca)

194
Q

Eggs in stool shows bipolar mucus plugs ?

A

Trichuris trichiura

195
Q

Most common intestinal nematode?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

196
Q

Unholy trinity of parasites?

A
  1. Hookworms
  2. Ascaris
  3. Trichuris

(Unholy HAT)

197
Q

Infective stage of Ascaris?

A

Embryonated egg

198
Q

What is the principal site of tissue damage in Ascaris larval migration?

A

Lungs

199
Q

Drug of choice for Ascaris?

A

Albendazole

(Ascaris - Albendazole)

200
Q

What Fertilized eggs will float in an egg floatation test? (5)

A

Fertilized Eggs of
1. Ascaris
2. E. vermicularis
3. A. doudenale
4. T. trichiura
5. H. nana

201
Q

New world hookworm?

A

Necator americanus

(New- Necator)

202
Q

Old world hookworm?

A

Ancylostoma doudenale

(Old Ancestor)

203
Q

Infective state of hookworms ?

A

Filariform larvae

204
Q

Buccal spears of Ancylostoma?

A

Teeth

205
Q

Buccal spears of Neactor?

A

Cutting plates

(neCUTor )

206
Q

Infective stage of hookworms?

A

Filariform larvae

207
Q

Hematologic abnormalities associated with hookworms?

A

Microcytic anemia

208
Q

DOC for hookworms?

A

Albendazole

(Ascaris Hook - Albendazole)

209
Q

Infective stage of Trichuris?

A

Embryonated egg

210
Q

Classic shape of Trichuris eggs?

A

Barrel
Lemon
Football-shaped with bipolar plugs

211
Q

Which parasite can cause rectal prolapse?

A

Trichuris trichiura

212
Q

Classic description of prolapsed rectum in heavy Trichuris infection?

A

Coconut cake rectum

(from white bodies of adult worms dangling looking like coconut flakes)

213
Q

Name the parasite:
Pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

(Verm saw a PIN on her SEAT)

214
Q

Name the parasite:
Seat worm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

(Verm saw a PIN on her SEAT)

215
Q

Infective stage of E. vermicularis?

A

Embryonated egg

216
Q

Diagnostic test for E. vermicularis?

A

Scotch tape swab technique

217
Q

Shape of E. vermicularis ova?

A

D shapes : one side flattened and other side covex

218
Q

Most characteristic symptom of E. vermicularis infections?

A

Pruritus ani (especially at night)

219
Q

Treatment of E. Vermicularis?

A

Pyrantel pamoate

220
Q

Name the parasite : thread worm

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

(strong thread)

221
Q

Infective stage of Strongyloides?

A

Filariform larvae

222
Q

Most sensitive fecal diagnostic method for larval detection in Strongyloides?

A

Koga agar plate

223
Q

Treatment of Strongyloides?

A

Ivermectin

(strong as Iver)

224
Q

Only nematode whose lifecycle involves a migratory bird?

A

Capillaria philippinensis

225
Q

What type of host are humans in Capillaria infection?

A

Incidental definitive host

226
Q

Description of Capillaria eggs?

A

Peanut-shaped with bipolar plugs

227
Q

Characteristic PE finding in acute infection with Capillaria?

A

Borborygmus

228
Q

Chronic manifestation of Capillaria causing malnutrition?

A

Protein losing enteropathy

229
Q

Which intestinal nematode reside in small intestine?

A

(Small cash )
1. Capillaria
2. Ascaris
3. Strongyloides
4. Hookworm

230
Q

Treatment of choice for lymphatic filariasis?

A

Diethylcarbamazine

231
Q

What nematode causes calabar swellings?

A

Loa loa

232
Q

What nematode causes hanging groin deformity?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

233
Q

Definitive diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis infections?

A

Muscle biopsy (Showing larva within striated muscle)

234
Q

What parasite can cause periorbital edema + muscle pain and subconjuctival hemorrhages?

A

Trichinella spiralis

235
Q

Treatment of Trichinella infections?

A

Thiabendazole

236
Q

All trematodes are hermaphroditic except?

A

Schistosoma

237
Q

All trematodes require two intermediate hosts except?

A

Schistosoma

238
Q

Except for Schistosoma, infective stage for all trematodes is?

A

Metacercariae

239
Q

In trematode infections, the first intermediate host as always a _________.

A

Snail.

240
Q

Most sensitive fecal diagnostic method for larval detection in Strongyloides?

A

Kogar agar plate

241
Q

The drug of choice most trematode infection?

A

Praziquantel (Exception : Fasciola - Triclabendazole)

242
Q

Where is S. japonicum more frequently found?

A

Superior Mesenteric Veins

243
Q

Where is S. mansoni more frequently found?

A

Inferior Mesenteric Veins

244
Q

Which Schistosome often inhabits the venous plexus of thr bladder?

A

S. haematobium

245
Q

What causes most of the in schistosomiasis?

A

Host granulomatous reaction to its eggs

246
Q

What causes intestinal schistomiasis ? (2)

A
  1. S. japonicum
  2. S. mansoni
247
Q

What causes urinary schistomiasis?

A

S. haematobium

248
Q

What is the neoplastic sequelae of S. haematobium infection?

A

SCC of the bladder

249
Q

Which schistosome ova has a prominent lateral spine?

A

S. mansoni

250
Q

Which schistosome is small with a small lateral knob on its ova?

A

S. japonicum

251
Q

Which schistosome has a terminal spine ?

A

S. haematobium

252
Q

Liver ultrasound finding in hepatic schistomiasis?

A

Clay pipe stem fibrosis

253
Q

Almost all flukes are treated with praziquantel except?

A

Fasciola hepatica - tx triclabendazole

254
Q

Ingestion of raw crab meat (Sundathelphusa philippina) can lead to?

A

Paragonimisasis (lung fluke)

255
Q

What is the first intermediate host of paragonimus westermani?

A

Snail (Antmelania genus)

256
Q

What is the second intermediate host of paragonimus westermani?

A

Mountain crab (Sundathelphusa philippina)

257
Q

Infective stage of Paragonimus westermani?

A

Metacercariae

258
Q

Diagnostic stage of Paragonimus westermani?

A

Unembryonated Eggs

259
Q

What parasite can closely resemble TB?

A

P. westermani

260
Q

Aka Oriental Liver Fluke.

A

Clonorchis sinensis

261
Q

Aka oriental lung fluke.

A

Paragonimus westermani

262
Q

Aka sheep liver fluke.

A

Fasciola hepatica

263
Q

Fluke that can cause a klatskin tumor.

A

Clonorchis sinensis

264
Q

What neoplasm is linked with clonorchis sinensis infection?

A

Klatskin tumor

265
Q

What is the fluke that causes Katayama fever?

A

Schistosoma (Blood fluke)

266
Q

What is the serum sickness like syndrome caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to Schistosoma antigens?

A

Katayama fever

267
Q

Largest trematode known to infect man.

A

Fasciolepsis buski

268
Q

Where does excystation of clonorchis occur?

A

Doudenum

269
Q

How does chlonorchis enter the biliary tract?

A

Through the ampula of vater

270
Q

Tape worm acquired by eating raw or undercooked pork?

A

Taenia solium

271
Q

Differentiation between pathogenic and non pathogenic strains of Entamoeba.

A

Phagocytic activity

272
Q

Amebiasis is transmitted by _____________.

A

Fecal contamination of drinking water & food.

273
Q

Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica to man has ___________?

A

Ingested RBC

274
Q

Denies history of sexual contact , urine culture was negative, but with recurrent dysuria, what might be teh cause?

A

Trichomonas

275
Q

Prolapsed rectum with small worms that resembles whips attached to the mucosa. Eggs are barrel shaped with bipolar plugs.

A

Trichuris trichiura

276
Q

In what test do you observe coconut cake finding?

A

Colonoscopy

277
Q

Eggs can be discovered using what following methods? (4)

A
  1. Kato katz technique
  2. Saturated brine
  3. Flotation method
  4. Direct fecal smear
278
Q

Ingestion of dog meat is related to what infective organism?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

279
Q

Transmission: Larval penetration of skin (4)

A
  1. Necator
  2. Ancylostoma
  3. Strongyloides
  4. Schistosoma
280
Q

Chagas disease is caused by?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

281
Q

Amastigote is found in heart muscle in __________ disease.

A

Chagas

282
Q

Most common serious complication of Chagas’ disease is?

A

Interstitial myocarditis

283
Q

What causes serpiginous puritic eruption on leg extending upwards?

A
  1. Ancylostoma braziliense (cat hookworm)
  2. Ancylostoma caninum (dog hookworm)
  3. Walking on the beach or soil barefooted
284
Q

Creeping eruption (Cutaneous larva migrans) is seen in _______?

A

Animal hookworm infection : Ancylostoma caninum & A. braziliense

285
Q

Management of Animal hookworm infection?

A
  1. Albendazole
  2. Cold ice
  3. Cryosurgery

Microbiology (9 decks)

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