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TNG Exam 2 > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

pregnant cattle can be infected with BHV-1 in what stages of pregnancy

A

all

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2
Q

abortion in cattle with BHV-1 typically occurs at what time period?

A

4 months+

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3
Q

what are the gross lesions in the fetus and placenta with BHV-1 infection?

A

Fetus: none or multifocal hepatic necrosis with intranuclear inclusions
Placenta: necrotizing vasculitis

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4
Q

what is the pathogenesis of BHV-1?

A

aerosol transmission
replication in MM of URT
viremia, enter through umbilical vein
infection of fetus
abortion

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5
Q

pregnant cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus can be infected at what stages of gestation?

A

all

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6
Q

T/F: abortion rates from bovine viral diarrhea virus are typically low

A

true

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7
Q

what is the pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea virus?

A

oronasal transmission
replicates in mucosa and palatine tonsil
cell-free viremia or infection of lymphocytes
cross placenta and infect fetus

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8
Q

describe the outcome of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus based on time of infection:
1. infection <99d:
2. infection 90-200d:
3. infection 133-162d:
4. infection 25-150d:
5. infection 150-175d:

A
  1. infection <99d: abortion, resorption, mummification, stillbirth
  2. infection 90-200d: prevention or alteration of hair growth
  3. infection 133-162d: cerebellar hypoplasia
  4. infection 25-150d: persistent infection
  5. infection 150-175d: develop fetal antibodies, acute infection
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9
Q

on necropsy of aborted cattle fetuses, you see cerebellar hypoplasia, hairless fetus, osteopetrosis, perivascular lymphocytes and plasma cells in multiple organs, and lymphoid depletion. What virus is this attributed to?

A

bovine viral diarrhea virus

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10
Q

this is a orthobunyavirus transmitted by culicoides. It produces diarrhea, fever, and reduces milk production in the summer months. It will lead to stillbirth and congenital abnormaltiies (scoliosis, arthrogryoposis, cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalus) in december-january. What virus is this?

A

schmallenberg virus

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11
Q

What days are cattle vs sheep suceptible to schmallenberg virus?

A

cattle – 70-150
sheep - 28-56

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12
Q

The method of control for schmallenberg virus is…

A

delay breeding to avoid summer season
vaccine in UK

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13
Q

Pregnant mares can be infected at ALL stages of gestation, but abortion will occur in the 3rd trimester. What virus is this?

A

equine herpesvirus 1

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14
Q

T/F: equine herpesvirus 4 usually produces sporadic abortions within the 1st trimester

A

false – sporadic abortions during the 3rd trimester.

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15
Q

What EQUINE virus is described by the following pathogenesis: aerosol transmission, replication in MM of URT and regional lymph nodes, viremia, umbilical vein, infect fetus, abortion, multifocal hepatic necrosis with intranuclear inclusions.

A

equine herpesvirus

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16
Q

Equine viral arteritis usually produces abortion how long after clinical cases (systemic illness, fever, nasal discharge, limb and mammary edema) appear?

A

6-29 days

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17
Q

Name the equine virus with the following pathogenesis:
nose-to-nose contact, transplacental, semen transmission
infects macrophages and replicates in cytoplasm, travel to lymph nodes,
viremia
localizes in vascular endothelium
vasculitis

A

equine viral arteritis virus

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18
Q

what are the lesions associated with equine viral arteritis virus?

A

none

arteritis in fetal heart or in placenta (fibrinoid necrosis of vessel wall)

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19
Q

____________ is a pestivirus that is closely related to BVDV. Infection occurs after you introduce a PI animal into the herd. Venereal transmission can occur b shedding rams. Abortion will occur at ANY stage o gestation

A

border disease virus

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20
Q

what are the 4 syndromes associated with border disease virus?

A
  1. early embryonic mortality
  2. abortion and stillbirth
  3. congenital malformation
  4. birth of small, weak lambs with immunosuppression

if infected after 85d, normal lambs with antibody

21
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia, osteopestrosis, hair follicle dysplasia, perivascular lymphocytes and plasma cells, and lymphoid depletion are all lesions associated with what virus in small ruminants?

A

border disease virus

22
Q

_________ is an orbivirus that is arthropod-borne (gnats, ticks, lice). It is non-contagious. It infects vascular endothelial cells resulting in edema and hemorrhage. If it causes abortion, it is likely because a modified live vaccine was given to the pregnant animal.

A

Bluetongue virus

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bluetongue virus in infected adults and lambs?

A

fever, depression, congestion of blood vessels of lips and muzzle, cyanosis of tongue, edema of lips, face, eyelid, and ears, inflammation around coronary band and laminitis, abortion

24
Q

What are the fetal lesions of bluetongue virus?

A

mummification
stillbirth
abortion
congenital brain malformation

25
Q

cache valley virus is an orthobunyavirus that most commonly causes _______ or lambs with multiple congenital abnormalities.

A

stillborn lambs

26
Q

describe the outcome if infected with cache valley virus at these specific time periods:
1. <32d:
2. between 32-37d:
3. between 37-48d:

A
  1. <32d: early embryonic death
  2. between 32-37d: musculoskeletal and cerebellar malformations
  3. between 37-48d: musculoskeletal malformations
27
Q

What are the lesions associated with cache valley virus in small ruminants?

A
  1. hydrocephalus or hydrancephaly
  2. cerebellar hypoplasia
  3. arthrogryposis and scoliosis
  4. hypoplasia of skeletal muscles
28
Q

Viral infection of pig embryos (very early pregnancy), results in…

A

resorption and infertility

29
Q

Viral infection of pig fetuses before day 70, results in…

A

stillbirth or mummification

30
Q

Viral infection of pig fetuses after day 70, results in…

A

pigs born alive and healthy

31
Q

What is SMEDI?

A

stillborn
mummification
early embryonic death
infertility
Pig fetuses can be infected with the same virus at different times throughout gestation. This time at which they are infected will determine the outcome.

32
Q

This is a porcine arterivirus that has a high mutation rate, replicates in macrophages in lungs and URT (pneumonia). It also causes immunosuppression, therefore the immune response is weak/delayed for 1 month leading to persistent infection. Infection in pregnant sows results in abortion.

A

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

33
Q

If a sow is infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, she will be off feed before aborting and have a fever. The virus will cross the placenta at what time period?

A

90 days gestation (end of pregnancy)

34
Q

What are the lesions in the aborted fetuses associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus?

A

SMEDI (mummified, stillborn), umbilical and cutaneous hemorrhage

35
Q

this virus typically infects gilts on their first pregnancy. It targets mitotically active cells (fetus). Transplacental infection occurs 10-14d after infection. Damage to the fetus occurs before day 70 of gestation (before fetus develops immunity).

A

porcine parvovirus

36
Q

infection with porcine parvovirus during these time frames results in…
<30d:
30-70d:
>70d:

A

SMEDI
<30d: embryonic death and absorption of fetus
30-70d: death of fetus and mummification
>70d: effective immune response and clear virus

37
Q

This virus is called pseudorabies in other species and Aujesky’s Disease in pigs. It can result in SMEDI, but pigs typically die at the same stage of gestation. There are no lesions usually, but if there are it’ll be multifocal hepatic necrosis.

A

porcine herpesvirus 1

38
Q

This canine virus has aerosol and transplacental transmission. It replicates in MM of URT, pharynx, and tonsils. Large amounts of this virus shed in nasal and vaginal secretions. It requires a lower body temperature to replicate (so not when fetuses are inside of the mother). Abortion is an uncommon outcome, but the entire litter of puppies will become infected in the first weeks of life. Morbidity and mortality are high.

A

canine herpesvirus 1

39
Q

What are the 2 potential outcomes of canine herpesvirus 1 infection during pregnancy?

A
  1. if dam infected mid-gestation, she may abort or have stillborn pups
  2. some puppies may be born normal but then develop systemic form of infection
40
Q

T/F: after a bitch is infected with CHV-1 will develop immunity and her subsequent litters will be unaffected

A

true

41
Q

what are the lesions associated with canine herpesvirus 1?

A

multifocal necrosis in multiple organs, hemorrhage in kidneys, intranuclear inclusions

42
Q

What other canine viruses cause abortion but are causing abortion due to making the mother so ill that she is unable to sustain the pregnancy?

A

canine distemper virus
canine adenovirus

43
Q

____________ is an uncommon cause of canine abortion because circulating immunity. If abortion occurs, puppies will likely have myocardial necrosis and inflammation.

A

canine parvovirus

44
Q

Feline panleukopenia virus (parvovirus) targets mitotically active cells (fetus) and in-utero infection can result in stillbirth, mummification, early embryonic death, and infertility. Kittens will be born with what various abnormalities dependenign on stage of gestation?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia***
hydrocephalus
optic nerve atrophy
retinopathy
thymic atrophy

45
Q

Abortion by these 4 feline viruses are most likely due to maternal illness, not the virus itself.

A

feline herpesvirus 1
feline immunodeficiency virus
FeLV
FIP

46
Q

What viruses cause abortion in camelids?

A

bovine viral diarrhea virus
equine herpes virus 1 and 4
bluetongue virus

47
Q

what tissues should you submit when doing an abortion workup?

A

fetus – lung, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, heart, heart blood, stomach contents.
placenta
maternal serum

48
Q

What tests should you order for an abortion work up?

A

histopath, bacteriology, virology, toxicology, parasitology, and serology.

49
Q

What type of historical information should you gather during an abortion work up?

A
  1. # of animals affected
  2. intro of new animals
  3. time of year
  4. management changes
  5. vaccine history

TNG Exam 2 (8 decks)

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