Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TNG Exam 2 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Germ cell deficiency is the most common cause associated with what condition?

A

testicular hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an easy way to eliminate testicular hypoplasia?

A

selection for testicular size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which species (3) is cryptorchidism most common in

A

horse, pig, and dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why is a cryptorchid testis ineffective at spermatogenesis?

A

temperature is higher in abdomen than in the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does cryptorchidism predispose to in dogs?

A

sertoli cell tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

___________ is the presence of only one testis. the other is congenitally absent. this is only common in alpacas.

A

monorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the general rule for reversal in testicular degeneration?

A

mild and short duration – reversable, ok prognosis
chronic and severe – permanent, poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hormonal imbalance (secondary to pituitary neoplasia and/or steroid-producing tumors of the adrenal or testis) is a factor that can lead to what condition?

A

testicular degeneration resulting in decreased production of spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: androgen levels cannot reach levels high enough systemically to support spermatogenesis

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the gross nature of a degenerate testis.

A

firm, pale parenchyma, +/- fibrous streaks, and bulges less/not at all when cut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: all causes of testicular degeneration appear similar at the morphologic level

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the major causes of orchitis (testicular inflammation) in the following species:
dog
horses

A

Dog – brucella, distemper
Horse – brucella, aberrant migration of Strongylus edentatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the prognosis for orchitis in most cases?

A

poor – d/t the delicate anatomy of tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stasis of sperm in tubules will result in chalky white small foci. These can progress to small granulomas and are common finding in degenerate testes. Do these impair fertility?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_____________ results in infarction of the testis. It occurs most commonly in the horse and dog. This condition is very painful, acute, and obvious.

A

torsion of spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe leydig cell tumors and which species they are most common in.

A

round, soft, pale/orange/orange-brown
dog, horse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe sertoli cell tumors and which species they are most common in.

A

lobulated, white, and firm
all species, cryptorchid dogs*
they secrete hormones that feminize the host (estrogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___________ is a rare tumor occuring most commonly in dogs, horses, and rams. They are soft, gray, and round. These are usually not malignant.

A

seminoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

__________ is a neoplasm of young animals consisting of all 3 germ cell layers. They are usually benign and occur most commonly in horses

A

terratoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lymphosarcoma are most common in what species?

A

rams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_________________ will result in blind efferent ductules and stasis of sperm. Rupture will subsequently occur, resulting in a sperm granuloma. This incites an autoimmune response.

A

failure of efferent ductules to connect to the epididymal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is inflammation of the interstitum of the epididymis considered “deceptive”?

A

it appears to be mild, but this inflammation has devestating effects on the function of sperm. The inflammation ends up being granulomatous and creating abscesses.

23
Q

What is the most common sequelae of brucella infection?

A

abscess formation containing purulent debris.

24
Q

__________ is a hyperplastic change where there is outgrowth of ductal epithelium into the surrounding muscle. This can lead to sperm stasis and sperm granulomas

A

adenomyosis

25
Q

Adenomyosis occurs in dogs with what condition, in which case there is no spermatogensis or sperm granulomas.

A

feminizing sertoli cell tumors

26
Q

__________ can result from inflammatory conditions of the peritoneum. It is common for infectious epididymitis to extend through the vaginal space and cause this condition.

A

periorchitis

27
Q

___________ is an inflammatory lesion of the tunics and spermatic cord following castration. Most commonly seen in pigs, mules, and horses. This can be very difficult to manage clinically.

A

schirrous cord

28
Q

Mycoplasma infections of seminal vesicles in bulls has what consequences on the sperm?

A

causes poor post-thawing viability, limiting use for AI.
presence of this bacteria within sperm also decreases fertility.

29
Q

describe a bulls seminal vesicle when it is infected and inflammed?

A

enlarged, firm, adhesions on surface.

30
Q

T/F: atrophy of seminal vesicles is normal following castration or in aged animals

A

true

31
Q

describe how Prostatitis presents in dogs.

A

asymmetric, painful, enlarged prostate
acute – fluctuant, hot
chronic - firm
sperm abnormalities will also be present

32
Q

______________ of the prostate occurs in response to estrogens. This causes blockage and symmetric enlargement of prostate, but is not painful. This is most common in older dogs.

A

squamous metaplasia

33
Q

_____________ of the prostate includes cystic or papillary hyperplasia interspersed with areas of atrophy. These are typically painless, symmetrical enlargements of the prostate and are most common in dogs.

A

cystic hyperplasia

34
Q

_____________ are limited to dogs. They are extremely malignant and metastasize to sublumbar lymph nodes.

A

prostatic carcinoma

35
Q

T/F: all cases of persistent penile frenulum must be surgically corrected.

A

false – most will regress with age

36
Q

Why are older bulls more at risk for balatitis?

A

their epithelium contains crypts which makes it easier to harbor organisms.

37
Q

What are 2 pathologic reasons that horses can develop ulcers on the penis?

A
  1. coital exanthema – herpesvirus
  2. abberant migration of habronema parasite
38
Q

What is the prognosis for abscesses and hematomas that form in the penis and sheath due to trauma and rupture of the tunica albuginea?

A

very poor

39
Q

what are the 2 most common neoplasias of the penis?

A
  1. SCC (dogs and horses)
  2. viral fibropapillomas (bulls and boars)
40
Q

T/F: surgical removal of a fibropapilloma can cause more damage than benfit

A

true – very vascular area

41
Q

_____________ is the development of implantation between cotyledons. this occurs because the maternal caruncles are damaged. The result is red, velvety tissue in intercotyledonary areas. This should alert you to thinking there is uterine damage/abnormality.

A

adventitious placentation

42
Q

T/F: most inflammation and necrosis of the placenta involves the superficial layers.

A

true

43
Q

What is the appearance of placentitis caused by bacteria or fungi (ex. brucella)?

A

leathery and dull brown.

44
Q

what is the actual cause of death of the fetus (abortion) in the case of bacterial or fungal placentitis?

A

vasculitis leads to lack of nutrition and oxygen.

45
Q

What is the gross appearance of mild inflammation of the placenta that occurs with disease that primarily infected the fetus that secondarily affected the placenta. (ex. toxoplasmosis, neospora)

A

lesions will be on cotyledons
necrotic, dull white or yellow

46
Q

What are 3 normal placental structures that are commonly mistaken for lesions?

A
  1. calcium deposits in the chorion of ruminants and swine
  2. ketainized plaques on inner surface of amnion
  3. hippomanes – rubber laminated masses of material in the allatoic cavity of horses or cattle.
47
Q

T/F: outbreaks of fungal placentitis are rare unless feed is heavily contaminated. Most fungi are saprophytes in the environment.

A

true

48
Q

fungal infections affecting the reproductive tract in horses are usually yeasts that ascend up tract through cervix. They result in what placenta appearance?

A

thick and brown

49
Q

What samples are imperative to diagnosing leptospira fetal infection

A

fetal fluids and dam fluids for serology

50
Q

T/F: protozoa tend to target fetal organs as well as the placenta.

A

true

51
Q

Most viruses cause which consequences in the fetus?

A

hydrocephalus
hydrancephaly

52
Q

what lesions does herpesvirus cause in the fetus?

A

focal necrotic lesions throughout many organs, sparing the placenta.

53
Q

how do you differentiate the causes between epididymitis just based on looking at the tail vs head?

A

head – congenital defect
tail – infectious

54
Q

What does the SMEDI presentation tell you?

A

viral disease caused the abortion/mummification/stillbirth

TNG Exam 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions