Virbio Species

Question 1

In term so environment, sypmtoms of infectino and mortality rate, compare and contrast each of the three species of pathogenic Vibrio

Answer 1

Parahaemolyticus
- cool water but >15C
- diarrhea, nausea, vomitng, fever
- very low mortality rate
Vulnificus
- warm water
- fever, chills, nausea, skin lesions
- 40-60%
Cholerae
- Tropical water
- rice water stool, loss of appetitie
-1% mortality rate, worse case

Question 2

What are the virulence factors for each of the Vibrio species?

Answer 2

Parahaemolyticus
- tdh and trh
Vulnificus
- capsule, LPS vvha
Cholerae
-cholerae toxin (CTX)

Question 3

The syndromes: Primary Septicemia and necrotizing wound infections is found in what vibrio species?

Answer 3

Vibrio vulnificus, more fatal, 60% fatality

Question 4

Which vibrio species have picked up virulence factors that cause illness?

Answer 4

V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus

Question 5

Situation: A grup of people had eaten raw oysters and are experiencing symptoms of fever, cramps, diarrhea, headaches, nausea and vomiting, what pathogen is this?

Answer 5

Vibrio haemolyticus

Question 6

Why is it more likely to get Vibrio pathogens in the summer?

Answer 6

Colder waters produce safety seafood, above 17C when harvested can lead to infections

Question 7

What are some important virulence factors )for living) for Vibrio parahaemolyticus?

Answer 7

Vibrioferrin, Ferrichrome, Aerobactin all lyze blood for Fe acquisition (hameolysis) → transported into cell by ABC transporters
Flagella for movement
MAM7 for initial adhesion to epithelial cells

Question 8

Is TDH or TRH toxin form Vibrio more pathogenic?

Answer 8

TDH is more pathogenic than TRH (hamoelyticus)
Thermostable direct heamolysin (tdh)
Thermoliable haemolysin (tlh
thermostable direct-related haemolysin (trh)

Question 9

What is oaraheamolyticus serotypes?

Answer 9

LPS (o) antigen and capsular polysaccharide (K) antigen

Question 10

Situation: someone with liver dieases by alcoholism and Hep C infection came in wtih these symptoms:
“Hurting legs, sudden onset of intense burning sensation from both feet to upper thighs
No traume, bt minor scratches on knees
Eaten raw oysters 2 days prior
Fever, vomintg, labored breathing
Rash of legs turned into lesions

Answer 10

This is the most serious vibrio infection by Vibrio Vulnificus

Question 11

How do you deal with a Virbio culnificus infection?

Answer 11

Surgery to clean infected tissue, amputation

Question 12

IS vulnificus serotyped?

Answer 12

No, it has three biotypes 1- humans, 2- eels, 3- Israel

Question 13

What are the virulence factors of Vibrio vulnificus?

Answer 13

Polysaccharide capsule (K-antigens)
LPS (O=antigen) → fever and systemic infection/shock
vvhA (heat stable haemolysin/cytotoxin)

Question 14

What are instances that increase your likelihood of getting Vibrio vulnificus infection?

Answer 14

Comorbidities such as chronic ones, liver, alcoholism, diabetes, renal

Question 15

Where is Vibrio Cholerae common?

Answer 15

Areas with unstable politics, earthquakes and poor sanitization

Question 16

What is Vibrio cholerae serotyping based on?

Answer 16

LPS (O-antigen)

Question 17

What serotypes ofVibrio cholerae cause infection?

Answer 17

01 and 0139 as they produce cholera toxin (CTX)

Question 18

Why is it not easy to track V. Cholerae?

Answer 18

VBNC state, where cells ar reduce in size and ovoid, not culturable but can multiply in humans or rabbits

Question 19

How do you treat V. Cholerae?

Answer 19

1-2 weeks w/o antibiotics

Question 20

What is the virulence factors of V. Cholerae?

Answer 20

CTX phage, vibrio colonized small intestine w/ adherence factors - disrupts ion transport → severe diarrhea

Question 21

What happens at the cellular level for CTX?

Answer 21

CTX binds ganglioside receptors on surface of intestinal epithelium cells
Internalized endocytosis→ cAMP → ion channels within the cell membrane→ efflux of ion from cell → build up of into in intestinal lumen → draws water from cell/tissues vis osmosis → acute diarrhea, → dehydration

Question 22

What is cholrae somethimes pathogenic?

Answer 22

Parahaemolytic K/O genes → quick horizontal genetransfer
Cholerae → can take up genes quick, easily infected with page
V. cholerae O1 and O139 acquired CTX toxin
All other serotype sof V. cholerae that did not acquire this gene are non-pathogenic and do nt cause illness
V. parahaemolyticus
Acquired the tdh or trh - possibility that these move between genomes easily
Without these genes, does not cause illness
T3SS plays a role in virulence

Question 23

How do you prevent vibrio infections?

Answer 23

Cold
Cooking
Irradiation and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)
Organic acids, dreid spices, herbal oils, tomato sauce
Epuration