Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

I&I WC2 > Viral vaccines III > Flashcards

Viral vaccines III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the potential negative effects of vaccination? (6)

A
  1. Injection safety/waste disposal
  2. Local/systemic adverse effect
  3. Predisposition enhanced disease
  4. Predisposition auto-immune disease
  5. Negative effect at population levels
  6. Negative attitudes/perceptions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between variolation and vaccination?

A

Variolation: intentional infection with pathogen
Vaccination: biological preparation to improve immunity -> much milder infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Considering injection safety, the transmission of which viruses should be taken into account? (3)

A
  1. HBV
  2. HCV
  3. HIV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do we have problems associated with injection safety? (5)

A
  1. Lack of knowledge of injections
  2. False belief that injections are more effective than oral medications
  3. Healthcare workers may think patients want an injection
  4. Patients may demand injections,
  5. Clinicians make more money if they give an injection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of practices that harm the recipient of infections? (6)

A
  1. Keeping freeze-dried vaccine more than 6h after reconstitution
  2. Mixing two partially opened vials of vaccine
  3. Storing mediation and vaccine in same refrigerator
  4. Applying pressure to bleeding sites with used material or finger
  5. Use of unsterile needles/syringes
  6. Re-using needles/syringes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of practices that harm the health workers? (4)

A
  1. Re-using needles/syringes
  2. Carrying needles/placing them on a surface prior to disposal
  3. Recapping needles
  4. Reaching into container of used needles/syringes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or false: any vaccine can cause adverse effects

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of mild adverse events after vaccination? (6)

A
  1. Local redness
  2. Swelling
  3. Pain
  4. Headache
  5. Fever
  6. Nausea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are examples of severe adverse events after vaccination? (2)

A
  1. Life-threatening allergic reactions/seizures
  2. Systemic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a reversion risk associated with local- and systemic adverse effects?

A

Reversion of attenuated viruses to WT phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is meant with ‘predisposition for enhanced disease’?

A

No disease after vaccination, but more severe disease when person encounters pathogen again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two known examples of predisposition for enhanced disease?

A
  1. FI-RSV
  2. FI-MV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical signs of FI-RSV-mediated disease enhancement? (3)

A
  1. Febrile pneumonia illness
  2. Bronchiolitis
  3. Pulmonary infiltrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the correlation pattern of disease severity with age

A

Inverse correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is FI-MV-mediated disease enhancement? When does it occur?

A

Atypical measles syndrome -> several years after vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical signs of FI-MV? (3)

A
  1. High fever
  2. Petechial rash
  3. Pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main immunological reason for FI-MV-mediated disease enhancement?

A

The way the immune system perceives inactivated vaccines -> good in inducing antibodies/CD4 -> barely CD8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the mechanism of FI-RSV disease enhancement? (5)

A
  1. Skewing of cellular immune response towards Th2
  2. Low avidity antibody-mediated complement fixing immune complexes
  3. Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral replication
  4. Highly glycosylated G protein
  5. Lack of CTL priming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

FI-RSV: How is skewing of the cellular immune response towards Th2 ensured?

A

Adjuvant (aluminum) promotes Th2 response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

FI-RSV: what causes the lack of CTL priming?

A

Th2 response works against mounting a proper CTL response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the mechanism of FI-MV disease enhancement? (4)

A
  1. Lack of functional F-specific antibodies
  2. Low avidity antibody-mediated complement fixing immune complexes
  3. Skewing of cellular immune response towards Th2
  4. Lack of CTL priming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Dengvaxia?

A

Yellow fever-based dengue virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of vaccinees have an increased risk of disease enhancement upon dengvaxia vaccination?

A

Seronegative vaccinees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which auto-immune disease can be caused by vaccination?

A

GBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which vaccine is known to have induced several cases of GBS?

A

H1N1 vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which disease occurred due to the parental inactivated influenza vaccine?

A

Bell’s palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or false: it is very hard to link vaccination to the onset of autoimmune disease

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which subset of patients are especially at risk after Rubella vaccination?

A

Pregnant woman -> risk of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the consequence of a high rubella vaccination coverage?

A

No outbreaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the consequence of a low rubella vaccination coverage?

A

Longer time intervals between outbreaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the consequences of longer time intervals between Rubella virus outbreaks? (2)

A
  1. Higher mean age of patients
  2. Increased risk of CRS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the complaints when you have Evans’ syndrome?

A

Intracranial bleeding with thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the BCG vaccine?

A

Vaccine against tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How did the BCG vaccine lost its virulence in humans?

A

Being specially cultured in an artificial medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

True or false: BCG vaccination depends on the geographical area

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why is studying safety and efficacy of vaccines in people with immunodeficiency mainly difficult?

A

Heterogeneous population, diseases, and vaccines

37
Q

What are other limitations when studying safety and efficacy of vaccines in people with immunodeficiency? (2)

A
  1. Published studies limited
  2. Often ‘eminence’ based medicine
38
Q

What is meant with the vaccination paradox?

A

The ones that you want to vaccinate the most, are the hardest to protect

39
Q

What is the main challenge associated with the vaccination paradox?

A

Mechanisms that render patients susceptible to infection also compromise the efficacy of vaccination

40
Q

Which types of immunocompromised patients exist in the context of vaccination? (4)

A
  1. Compromised barrier function
  2. PID patients
  3. Loss of humoral immunity, not PID
  4. Compromised cellular immunity, not PID
41
Q

Patients with a compromised barrier function mostly suffer from which type of infections?

A

GI infections

42
Q

If patients with compromised barrier function travel to the tropics, which vaccination do you give them and why?

A

Yellow fever vaccination to prevent salmonella infection

43
Q

How can patients acquire a compromised barrier function? (3)

A
  1. Antacids
  2. IBD
  3. Severe skin disease
44
Q

Which vaccines can you not give to PID patients with a severe B- or T cell problem?

A

Live-attenuated vaccines

45
Q

Which vaccines can you NOT give to PID patients with a B-lymphocyte deficiency? (severe/less severe)

A

Severe (XLA/CVID): No (live) attenuated
Less severe: (IgA/IgG def): no OPV (others safe)

46
Q

Which vaccines can you NOT give to PID patients with a T-lymphocyte deficiency?

A

Depending on degree, all vaccines ineffective

47
Q

Which vaccines can you give to PID patients with insufficient complement function? Which vaccines are highly recommended for this type of patients?

A

All vaccines save -> polysaccharide vaccines highly recommended

48
Q

Which PID patients do you really want to vaccinate, and why?

A

Patients with a lack of complement function -> especially prone to infection

49
Q

Which vaccines can you (not) give to PID patients with a loss of phagocytic function? Which vaccines are probably safe?

A
  1. No bacterial vaccines
  2. Live-attuenated vaccines probably safe
50
Q

How can a patient acquire a loss of humoral immunity (not PID)?

A

Anti-CD20 (retuximab)

51
Q

What is the consequence of loss of humoral immunity (not PID)? Leading to? (2)

A

Nephrotic syndrome:
1. Lose IG and B cells
2. T cell function intact

52
Q

Which vaccine can you NOT give to patients that have a loss of humoral immunity (not PID)?

A

Live-attenuated vaccines

53
Q

How can patients acquire compromised cellular immunity (not PID)? (9)

A
  1. Cortico’s
  2. Ciclosporines
  3. Tacrolimus
  4. Azathioprine
  5. Biologicals
  6. Chemo
  7. Radiotherapy
  8. Malignancies
  9. HIV
54
Q

Which vaccines can you NOT give to patients with compromised cellular immunity (not PID)?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine

55
Q

What were the results after administering COVID vaccines to people with inborn errors in their immune system? (3)

A
  1. Problem in immune system
  2. Most still had titers
  3. T cell responses similar to controls
56
Q

Which auto-immune diseases may become aggravated after viral infections? (3)

A
  1. Crohn
  2. MS
  3. AID
57
Q

Why do the benefits outweigh the risks when vaccinating people with auto-immune diseases against covid/influenza?

A

Getting the real disease is worse

58
Q

What are the main conclusions when considering vaccination of immunocompromised patients? (4)

A
  1. Highly divergent group
  2. They can be vaccinated
  3. Complications can occur, but not often
  4. Check titers!
59
Q

Why are bacterial vaccins important? (5)

A
  1. Disease prevention
  2. Eradication and control of disease
  3. Protection of vulnerable populations
  4. Global health equity
  5. Prevents AMR
60
Q

When is a vaccine effective? (5)

A
  1. Safe
  2. (Sustained) Protection
  3. Induces neutralizing antibodies
  4. Induced protective T cells
  5. Practical considerations
61
Q

Why is the induction of neutralizing antibodies by bacterial vaccines important?

A

Some pathogens infect cells that can’t be replaced -> neutralizing antibodies prevent infection of such cells

62
Q

Why is the induction of protective T cell responses by bacterial vaccines important?

A

Some pathogens (intracellular) are more effectively dealt with by cell-mediated responses

63
Q

Name possible bacterial targets that you can use for a bacterial vaccine? (5)

A
  1. Exotoxins
  2. Outer membrane protein
  3. LPS
  4. Flagella
  5. Bacterial DNA
64
Q

Which types of bacterial vaccines exist? (5)

A
  1. Toxoid vaccines
  2. Live-attenuated vaccine
  3. Inactivated vaccines
  4. Subunit vaccines
  5. Conjugate vaccines
65
Q

What is the main component of toxoid vaccines? What does this compound induce?

A

Chemically- or heat inactivated toxins -> induce neutralizing antibodies

66
Q

For which diseases can you give a toxoid vaccine? (2)

A
  1. Diptheria
  2. Tetanus
67
Q

What are the advantages of a toxoid vaccine? (2)

A
  1. Highly effective
  2. Safe and well tolerated
68
Q

What is the main disadvantage of toxoid vaccines?

A

Slow manufacturing process -> culturing and manufacturing

69
Q

Whooping cough is caused by which type of bacteria?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

70
Q

Which types of bacterial vaccines are used for whooping cough? (2)

A
  1. Whole cell vaccine
  2. Acellular vaccine
71
Q

What are the advantages of inactivated vaccines (bacterial)? (4)

A
  1. Stable
  2. Cannot revert to virulent form
  3. Safe to give to immunocompromised
  4. Relatively inexpensive, mass production
72
Q

What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines (bacterial)? (2)

A
  1. Less robust immune response
  2. Slow manufacturing process
73
Q

What are examples of inactivated bacterial vaccines? (3)

A
  1. Typhoid vaccine
  2. Cholera vaccine
  3. Plague vaccine
74
Q

What do bacterial subunit vaccines contain?

A

One or more component(s) of bacteria (antigens)

75
Q

Which components can be part of a bacterial subunit vaccine? (3)

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Peptides
  3. Polysaccharides
76
Q

What are the advantages of a bacterial subunit vaccine? (2)

A
  1. Generally seen as the safest type of vaccine
  2. No risk of recombination
77
Q

What are the disadvantages of a subunit vaccine? (4)

A
  1. Lower immunogenicity
  2. Usually presence of an adjuvant necessary
  3. Complex to develop
  4. Polysaccharides are a thymus-independent antigen
78
Q

What is the mechanism behind bacterial polysaccharide vaccines? (2)

A
  1. Induction T cell independent response
  2. Direct stimulation of immunoglobulins
79
Q

Why do polysaccharide vaccine not work in children?

A

Polysaccharides induce a T cell independent response -> B cells are not fully developed in children

80
Q

What is the main principle of a conjugate vaccine?

A

Weak antigen (polysaccharide) covalently bound to strong antigen (protein)

81
Q

What is an example of a bacterial conjugate vaccine?

A

HiB conjugated to meningococcal protein

82
Q

Which type of immune cells are specific for the different structure of a conjugate vaccine?

A
  1. T cell -> protein “head”
  2. B cell -> sugar structure
83
Q

How does a conjugate vaccine induce an immune response? (2)

A
  1. Strong antigen is internalized, processed and presented on HLAII to CD4+ T cells
  2. B cells internalize weak antigen
84
Q

Which immune responses are mounted upon conjugate vaccine vaccination? (3)

A
  1. Plasma cell formation
  2. T cell response
  3. Memory B cell formation
85
Q

What are the advantages of a conjugate vaccine? (3)

A
  1. Enhanced immunogenicity
  2. Protection of young infants
  3. More effective immune responses
86
Q

What are the disadvantages of a conjugate vaccine? (3)

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Resource-intensive
  3. Limited strain coverage
87
Q

What are the advantages of bacterial live-attenuated vaccines? (2)

A
  1. Potency > inactivated vaccines
  2. Immune response lasts longer
88
Q

What are the disadvantages of a bacterial live-attenuated vaccine? (3)

A
  1. Risk of reversion to WT
  2. Not for immunocompromised
  3. Careful storage/transportation

I&I WC2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions