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I&I WC2 > Viral vaccines II > Flashcards

Viral vaccines II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of RNA vaccines? (2)

A
  1. Non-replicating mRNA
  2. Virally-derived self-amplifying mRNA (SAM)
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of using non-replicating mRNA techniques in the development of RNA vaccines? (3)

A
  1. Gene of interest
  2. Flanking untranslated regions
  3. 5’ cap and polyA tail
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3
Q

Virally-derived self-amplifying mRNA is mostly based on which type of genomes?

A

Alphavirus genomes

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4
Q

True or false: RNA vaccines produce a small amount of antigen from an extremely small dose of vaccine

A

False -> Large amount of antigen production from an extremely small dose of vaccine

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5
Q

How is transient expression of encoded proteins ensured using RNA vaccines?

A

Delivery into cytosol via lipid nanoparticles

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6
Q

What are the advantages of RNA vaccines? (3)

A
  1. Safe
  2. Good induction of cellular- and humoral immune response
  3. Scalable
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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of RNA vaccines? (2)

A
  1. Stability
  2. SAM: size constraints/dsRNA formation
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8
Q

What is the main idea of dendritic cell (DC) vaccines?

A

Training immune system of your patients (ex vivo)

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9
Q

What are the steps of the experimental stage of DC vaccines? (6)

A
  1. Isolation of PBMCs
  2. Selection of monocytes
  3. Culture immature DCs
  4. Maturation -> mature DCs
  5. Training
  6. Putting back in patients
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10
Q

What are the advantages of DC vaccines? (3)

A
  1. Good induction of cellular immune response
  2. Induction of CTLs
  3. Individual/tailor-made vaccines
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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of DC vaccines? (3)

A
  1. Individual/tailor-made vaccines
  2. Labor-intensive
  3. Expensive
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12
Q

What is a viral vector?

A

Tool used by molecular biologist to deliver genetic material into cells/host

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13
Q

What are viral vector-based vaccines?

A

Use of vectors to carry selected genes from another pathogen for immunization purposes

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14
Q

What are the advantages of vector-based vaccines? (4)

A
  1. Safe
  2. Intrinsic adjuvant
  3. Induction of natural immunity
  4. Marker vaccine
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of vector-based vaccines? (3)

A
  1. Multiple dosages required
  2. Pre-existing immunity
  3. Adaptive immune responses to vector
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16
Q

Difference with ???.

A

Viral-vector overexpressing of any protein

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17
Q

What parameters do you need to think about when making a viral-vector vaccine? (7)

A
  1. Vector
  2. Antigen
  3. Design antigen
  4. Only include genes from the pathogen?
  5. Dose
  6. Amount of dosages
  7. Administration route
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18
Q

Which viruses are the best studied vectors? (2)

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. Poxvirus
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19
Q

Which parameters do you need to take into account when choosing a vector? (3)

A
  1. Replication-competent/deficient
  2. Pre-existing immunity
  3. Types of immunity induced
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20
Q

What kind of immune response is induced by adenovirus? (3)

A
  1. Strong CD8+ T cell effector memory response
  2. Weak CD8+ central memory response
  3. Strong humoral immunity
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21
Q

What is the main challenge with adenoviruses in viral vector-based vaccines?

A

Pre-existing immunity

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22
Q

What kind of immune response is induced by poxvirus?

A

More of a mixture of effector and central memory CD8+ T cells

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23
Q

How can you ensure stability of your antigen?

A

Inducing mutations

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24
Q

What are the options when designing an antigen for viral vector-based vaccines? (3)

A
  1. Full-length
  2. Peptides
  3. Modified antigens
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25
Q

What are the types of COVID-19 vaccine platforms? (4)

A
  1. Inactivated virus
  2. mRNA
  3. Viral vector
  4. Protein subunit
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26
Q

Which parameters do you need to take into account when determining which vaccine to use in your population? (5)

A
  1. Price
  2. Logistics
  3. Safety
  4. Efficacy
  5. Immunogenicity
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27
Q

What are the difficulties in using an mRNA vaccine in Africa? (3)

A
  1. Cost
  2. Cold chain
  3. Politics
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28
Q

What is meant with vaccine effectiveness?

A

The ability of a vaccine to protect an individual or population from an infectious disease

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29
Q

What is meant with vaccine protection?

A

Relative term that depends on the situation

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30
Q

Which parameters are important to consider when determining vaccine protection? (3)

A
  1. What does it protect against?
  2. Type of pathogen and population
  3. Difference between vaccine formulations
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31
Q

Vaccine protection: what types of protection (against what) can you choose from? (4)

A
  1. Infection
  2. Disease
  3. Transmission
  4. Hospitalization
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32
Q

How can vaccine efficacy be adjusted?

A

Boosting

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33
Q

Which factors can influence vaccine efficacy? (4)

A
  1. Vaccine platform
  2. Boosting
  3. Dose
  4. Host-and viral factors
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34
Q

Which host-and viral factors can influence vaccine efficacy? (4)

A
  1. Immune factors
  2. Viral variant factors
  3. Demographic factors
  4. Vaccine access factors
35
Q

What is meant with the immunogenicity of a vaccine?

A

Ability of a vaccine to stimulate an immune response to the vaccine product

36
Q

Why are immunogenicity studies important? (3)

A
  1. Easy high-throughput read-out -> diagnostic value
  2. Improving vaccine formulation
  3. Adapting vaccination policy
37
Q

What is meant with the correlate of protection?

A

The immune response a vaccine or natural infection needs to induce in order to achieve immunological memory

38
Q

Why is the correlate of protection important? (4)

A
  1. Diagnostic value of the clinic
  2. Measure for vaccine efficacy
  3. Difficult to study in humans
  4. Immune profiles of protection
39
Q

What are the different immune components used for assessing immunogenicity? (4)

A
  1. Neutralizing antibodies
  2. Non-neutralizing antibodies
  3. CD4+ T cells
  4. CD8+ T cells
40
Q

Which functions do antibodies have besides their neutralizing ability?

A

Fc-mediated antibody functions

41
Q

What is an example of differences between vaccines?

A

Some vaccine formulations are better T cell inducers

42
Q

Why is it beneficial for the virus to adapt to its environment? (3)

A
  1. Increased transmission
  2. Immune evasion
  3. Reduce vaccine efficacy
43
Q

True or false: T cells decline faster post infection than antibodies

44
Q

What are important vaccine access factors to consider? (4)

A
  1. Timing
  2. Location
  3. Booster effect
  4. Vaccine inequality
45
Q

What are important hosts-and demographic factors to consider affecting vaccine efficacy? (4)

A
  1. Infection history affects immunogenicity
  2. Age
  3. immunocompromised
  4. Vaccine hesitancy
46
Q

Can you modify immunogenicity of your vaccine by combining different vaccines?

47
Q

Why are mRNA-based vaccine platforms able to quickly adapt to new variants?

A

They are bivalent vaccines

48
Q

Which factors play a role in vaccine hesitancy? (4)

A
  1. Religion and mistrust
  2. Fear of the unknown
  3. Side-effects
  4. (Lack of) communication
49
Q

What are vaccine-preventable diseases with the greatest global health burden? (7)

A
  1. Rabies
  2. Yellow fever
  3. Ebola
  4. HAV
  5. HBV
  6. Typhoid fever
  7. Dengue
50
Q

What are the main challenges in achieving high vaccination coverage in tropical regions? (7)

A
  1. Financial
  2. Economic
  3. Logistical
  4. Attitude
  5. Political
  6. Health
  7. Vaccine safety
51
Q

Which infectious disease is easy to acquire but successfully combatted by improving hygiene in The Netherlands?

A

Hepatitis A

52
Q

True or false: mass vaccination for HAV is implemented for most countries

A

False -> not implemented in most countries, travellers vaccinated only

53
Q

True or false: the burden of vaccine-preventable disease is higher in high-income settings

A

False -> higher in low-income settings

54
Q

What are the transmission routes of smallpox? (2)

A
  1. Direct contact
  2. Aerosols
55
Q

Name examples where smallpox and warfare were connected in the past (2)

A
  1. The Spanish introduced smallpox to the Aztec and Incas
  2. British forces used smallpox blankets -> biological warfare
56
Q

What does variolation mean?

A

Intentional experimental infection with virus

57
Q

In the 15th century, what was the case-fatality rate of the variolation procedure?

58
Q

Besides variolation, experimental inoculations were performed for other viruses. Which viruses? (2)

A
  1. Rinderpest
  2. Measles
59
Q

What were Edward Jenner’s main observations? (2)

A
  1. Milkmaids rarely had pox lesions
  2. Brood parasitism of the cuckoo
60
Q

What was Edward Jenner’s main hypothesis?

A

Protection afforded by cowpox

61
Q

Which vaccine transmission routes were used in the past? (3)

A
  1. Arm-to-arm -> mid 19th century
  2. Production in cattle -> 1805
  3. Freeze-dried -> 1940
62
Q

What are the conditions to make a disease eradicable? (5)

A
  1. Limited pathogen variability
  2. No animal reservoir
  3. No persistent infections
  4. Effective vaccine available
  5. Good diagnostics methods
63
Q

In what year was the smallpox eradication program started?

64
Q

Vaccination can induce protection against? (4)

A
  1. Infection
  2. Transmission
  3. Disease
  4. Death
65
Q

In the past, which complications could occur after vaccinia vaccination? (7)

A
  1. Progressive vaccinia
  2. Generalized vaccinia
  3. Contact vaccinia
  4. Secondary infections
  5. Postvaccine encephalitis
  6. Eczema vaccinatum
  7. Fetal vaccinia
66
Q

In which subset of patients did progressive vaccinia mostly occur as vaccinia vaccination side effect?

A

Immunocompromised patients

67
Q

Is cowpox a cow virus?

A

No -> rodent virus

68
Q

How did the chicken cholera vaccine came to be? (2)

A

Bacteria forgotten during hot summer holidays -> heat treatment/attenuation of bacteria

69
Q

What was the function of the chamberland filter?

A

Removes bacteria from solution

70
Q

History of vaccines: attenuation was applied to which viruses? (4)

A
  1. Anthrax
  2. Rabies
  3. TB
  4. Diphteria
71
Q

When was poliomyelitis first described?

72
Q

How many serotypes does poliovirus have?

73
Q

Where does poliovirus replicate in the body? (3)

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. GI tract
  3. Local lymphatics
74
Q

Hematological spread of poliovirus goes to? (2)

A
  1. Lymphatics
  2. CNS
75
Q

How does destruction of motor neurons occur due to poliovirus infection?

A

Viral spread along nerve fibers

76
Q

What is the most likely outcome of poliovirus infection?

A

~90% of infections are asymptomatic

77
Q

When was the last endemic case of poliovirus infection?

78
Q

How many poliovirus strains are eradicated nowadays?

A

2 out of 3

79
Q

Which two drops in number of poliocases were observed?

A

First drop: inactivated vaccine
Second drop: live oral vaccine

80
Q

How was the live-attenuated measles virus vaccine attenuated? Which difficulty arose?

A

Propagation in many different cell lines -> difficult to determine passage history

81
Q

Why were there still some measles outbreaks after the vaccine was licensed?

A

Lack of second dose

82
Q

When was rinderpest eradicated?

83
Q

What are the main goals of changing the age of the second dose of measles vaccination from 9 years old to 3 years old? (2)

A
  1. Less scary for the child
  2. Better protection

I&I WC2 (22 decks)

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