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I&I WC2 > Viral vaccines I > Flashcards

Viral vaccines I Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

Administration of antibodies to an unimmunized person from an immune subject to provide temporary protection against a microbial agent or toxin

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2
Q

What kind of protection is provided by passive immunization?

A

Protection provided by antibodies created outside the body

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3
Q

What is a well known example of passive immunization?

A

Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT)

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4
Q

How is active immunity defined?

A

Immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to this pathogen

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5
Q

What are the functions of antibodies? (3)

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Fc-receptor interaction -> ADCP and ADCC
  3. Complement activation
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6
Q

What are the two forms of passive immunization?

A
  1. Natural
  2. Artifical
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7
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunization?

A

Maternal IgG transportation by the neonatal Fc receptor across the placenta

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8
Q

How can we improve passive immunization in newborns before conception, during pregnancy and postnatal?

A

Before conception: MMR vaccine
During pregnancy: booster vaccines
Postnatal: breastfeeding

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9
Q

What are examples of booster vaccines provided to the mother to improve passive immunization in newborns? (2)

A
  1. Pertussis
  2. RSV
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10
Q

What is the best moment in pregnancy to administer a pertussis booster vaccine to the mother?

A

~22 weeks

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11
Q

What kind of vaccines are generally avoided during pregnancy because of a theoretical risk to the fetus?

A

Live vaccines

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12
Q

Which vaccines are associated with an adverse pregnancy outcome? How do you prevent this?

A

MMR vaccines –> vaccinate BEFORE conception

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13
Q

What can be side effects of passive immunization? (3)

A
  1. Allergic response
  2. Serum sickness to proteins from non-human source
  3. Local response
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14
Q

What are examples of artificial passive immunization? (2)

A
  1. Monoclonal antibodies
  2. Polyclonal antibodies
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15
Q

What are the characteristic features of monoclonal antibodies as means for passive immunization? (4)

A
  1. Cheap
  2. Mixed ab
  3. Bind different areas of specific molecule
  4. Tolerant of small changes in protein structures
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16
Q

What are the characteristic features of polyclonal antibodies as means for passive immunization? (4)

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Single Ab species
  3. Only bind single specific site
  4. May recognize a particular protein form
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17
Q

What are the indications to chose passive immunization? (2)

A
  1. Insufficient antibody synthesis
  2. Exposure to disease in case of absence of existing immunity and that disease is likely to cause disease
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18
Q

Which types of antibody deficiencies exist? (2)

A
  1. Inherited (primary) antibody deficiencies
  2. Acquired (secondary) antibody deficiencies
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19
Q

Name an example of an inherited antibody deficiency

A

XLA: X-linked agammaglobulinemia

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20
Q

What are examples of how people acquire secondary antibody deficiencies? (2)

A
  1. Chemotherapy
  2. Immunosuppressive medication
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21
Q

Name examples of viruses known to cause complications indicating the need for passive immunization? (2)

A
  1. RSV
  2. Rabies
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22
Q

If someone is already vaccinated against rabies virus, what do you administer? How often?

A

Post-exposure vaccination (2x)

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23
Q

If someone has not been vaccinated against rabies virus, what do you administer?

A

Vaccination 4x + HRIG (human-anti rabies immunoglobulins)

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24
Q

What is the main challenge in treating non-vaccinated rabies patients in underdeveloped countries?

A

Immunoglobulins are not available –> you have to administer it very soon after

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25
Q

What is meant with the vaccination paradox?

A

The ones you want to vaccinate most, are the hardest to protect

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26
Q

What are the natural defenses against viruses? (3)

A
  1. Barriers
  2. Cells
  3. Molecules
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27
Q

What are the characteristics of the natural defenses? (3)

A
  1. Fast
  2. Aspecific
  3. No memory formation
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28
Q

Which cell types are involved in the innate natural defense? (3)

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Macrophages
  3. NK cells
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29
Q

Which molecules are involved in the innate natural defense? (3)

A
  1. Interferon
  2. Complement
  3. Lysozymes
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30
Q

Which two categories of vaccine formulation exist?

A
  1. Classical
  2. Novel
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31
Q

What are examples of classical vaccine formulations? (3)

A
  1. Live-attenuated vaccines
  2. Inactivated vaccines
  3. Subunit vaccines
32
Q

What are examples of novel vaccine formulations? (5)

A
  1. DNA vaccines
  2. Vector-based vaccines
  3. Virus-like particles
  4. Antigen-loading autologous cells (DC)
  5. RNA vaccines
33
Q

Which technique is required for the development of novel vaccine formulations?

A

Recombinant DNA technology

34
Q

What are examples of viruses that are used for live-attenuated vaccines? (6)

A
  1. MMR
  2. VZV
  3. Yellow fever
  4. Influenza
  5. TB
  6. BCG
35
Q

What are the two groups of live-attenuated vaccines?

A
  1. Virus that does not normally infect humans, but closely related to human virus
  2. Take human pathogen and attenuate it -> then give it back
36
Q

What is an example of a human pathogen that has been attenuated before giving it back to humans? How was this achieved?

A

Mumps -> cultured in embryonic chicken eggs and cells

37
Q

What is an example of a virus that does not normally infect humans/cause disease, but does protect humans against a human variant of this virus?

A

Cowpox to protect against smallpox

38
Q

What are the advantages of live-attenuated vaccines (2)

A
  1. Immune response resembles natural immunity
  2. Long-lasting protection after single dose
39
Q

Live-attuenated vaccines: What is the benefit of in host replication of the pathogen?

A

Immune response resembles natural immunity (induction of CD4, CD8 and antibodies)

40
Q

What are the disadvantages of live-attuenated vaccines (3)

A
  1. Safety risk in immunocompromised
  2. Possibility to revert to wildtype
  3. Interference by maternal antibodies
41
Q

What is the main benefit of an inactivated vaccine?

A

Eliminating infectivity without compromising immunogenicity

42
Q

Name some examples of viruses where inactivated vaccines are used (4)

A
  1. Influenza
  2. Polio
  3. HAV
  4. Bordetella pertussis
43
Q

How can you inactivate a virus to generate an inactivated vaccine? (3)

A
  1. Chemicals (formalin)
  2. Heat
  3. Radiation
44
Q

What is a crucial requirement to induce an effective immune response using an inactivated vaccine?

A

Addition of adjuvant

45
Q

What is the main advantage of inactivated vaccines?

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines? (4)

A
  1. Multiple dosages required
  2. Short-lasting immunity
  3. Poor CD8+ T cell response
  4. Risk of priming for enhanced disease in certain viruses
47
Q

Inactivated vaccines may increase the risk of priming for enhanced disease. For which viruses is this the case? (2)

A
  1. Paramyxoviruses
  2. Feline coronavirus
48
Q

What are the two manufacturing options for subunit vaccines?

A
  1. Non-recombinant
  2. Recombinant
49
Q

What does non-recombinant manufacturing of subunit vaccines entail?

A

Fractionation of pathogen -> purify proteins

50
Q

What does recombinant manufacturing of subunit vaccines entail?

A

Express gene of interest in bacteria/yeast/cells -> purify proteins

51
Q

What are the most common antigens in subunit vaccines?

A

Capsid- or membrane proteins

52
Q

True or false: adjuvants are often required for induction of effective immune responses when using subunit vaccines

53
Q

What are the advantages of subunit vaccines? (3)

A
  1. Safe
  2. Selection of subunit -> targeted immune response
  3. Marker vaccine possible
54
Q

What is the purpose of a marker vaccine?

A

In live stock: differentiating infected from vaccinated animals

55
Q

How can you use a subunit vaccine as a marker vaccine?

A

Discriminate animals that have been infected with a wildtype virus as opposed to animals that have been vaccinated

56
Q

How do you determine if live-stock is infected with a wild-type virus or the vaccine?

A

Screen entire herds with serology assay

57
Q

Why are the use of marker vaccines important for the live-stock sector?

A

If livestock becomes ill, you want to know if you have to kill your animals

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of a subunit vaccine? (3)

A
  1. Poorly immunogenic -> multiple dosages
  2. Short-lastig immunity
  3. Poor induction of CD8 T cell response
59
Q

Why are subunit vaccines unable to induce a proper CD8+ T cell response?

A

No proteins endogenously produced

60
Q

Why are viral-like particle vaccines more potent?

A

Density of protein on the surface -> resembles wild type pathogen

61
Q

Name examples of VLP viruses (3)

A
  1. HBV
  2. HPV
  3. HEV
62
Q

What are the advantages of VLP vaccines? (4)

A
  1. Safe
  2. Structural similarity with viruses
  3. Selection of subunit -> targeted immune response
  4. Marker vaccine possible
63
Q

What are the disadvantages of VLP vaccines? (4)

A
  1. Poorly immunogenic -> multiple dosages
  2. Short-lastig immunity
  3. Poor induction of CD8 T cell response
  4. Preexisting immunity to VLP vector
64
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

Pharmacological/immunological agent that enhances the immune response to a vaccine

65
Q

What are the mechanisms by which an adjuvant can work? (4)

A
  1. Antigen stabilization/delayed release
  2. Enhanced uptake antigen macrophages
  3. Activation co-stimulatory molecules
  4. Improve delivery of antigens -> cytosol
66
Q

How is the effect of antigen stabilization/delayed release caused by adding adjuvants also called?

A

Depot effect

67
Q

How does activation of co-stimulatory molecules influence immunity? (2)

A
  1. Influence innate immunity
  2. Skew CD4 to Th2 response -> antibody production
68
Q

Name examples of adjuvants in virology (6)

A
  1. Aluminium salts
  2. Mineral oils
  3. Bacterial products
  4. Detergents
  5. ISCOMs
  6. Cytokines
69
Q

What is the working mechanism of DNA vaccines?

A

Genes that encode antigens of interest as bacterial plasmid DNA

70
Q

How is protein formation ensured by DNA vaccines? (3)

A
  1. DNA taken up by host cells
  2. Transient expression of encoded genes
  3. Protein formation
71
Q

True or false: Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is limited in humans, but works well in small laboratory animals

72
Q

What is the main challenge with DNA vaccines?

A

Administration

73
Q

Originally the ‘gene gun’ was used for administration of DNA vaccines. How does it work? (3)

A
  1. Gold particles coated with DNA
  2. Taken up by macrophages
  3. Presentation to B- and T cells
74
Q

Which administration method is currently used for DNA vaccines?

A

Gas injections

75
Q

What are the advantages of DNA vaccines? (5)

A
  1. Easy to produce
  2. Induction humoral immune responses
  3. Induction CD4/CD8
  4. Very stable
  5. Can encompass large inserts
76
Q

What are the disadvantages of DNA vaccines? (2)

A
  1. Poorly protective
  2. Perceived risk of genome integration

I&I WC2 (22 decks)

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