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Y4: Infectious Disease > Viral RT Infections > Flashcards

Viral RT Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common viral causes of the common cold?

A
  • Rhinovirus
  • Coronavirus
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2
Q

What is the most common viral cause of pharyngitis?

A

Adenovirus

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3
Q

What is the most common viral cause of croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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4
Q

What is the most common viral cause of Acute bronchitis?

A

RSV

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5
Q

What is a common viral cause of bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

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6
Q

What is a common viral cause of pneumonia?

A
  • Influenza
  • RSV
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of the common cold?

A
  • Sore throat
  • Rhinorrhea
  • Nasal obstruction
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8
Q

What are the some complications of the common cold?

A
  • Sinusitis
  • Ottitis media
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9
Q

Describe Rhinovirus?

A
  • Picornaviridae family
  • ssRNA
  • RV-A, RV-B, RV-C
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10
Q

Describe Coronavirus?

A
  • ssRNA
  • Largest RNA virus genome
  • Enveloped
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11
Q

Describe Pharyngitis?

A
  • Sore throat + pharyngeal inflammation
  • Nasal symptoms = viral cause
  • No nasal symptoms = bacterial cause
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12
Q

What viral pathogens can cause pharyngitis?

A
  • Rhinovirus
  • Adenovirus
  • Influenza
  • Parainfluenza
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13
Q

Name some non-respiratory viral causes of Pharyngitis?

A
  • Inectious mononuucleosis
    • EBV
    • Saliva spread
  • HIV seroconversion illness
  • Herpes simplex virus
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14
Q

What is Croup?

How do you treat it?

A
  • Childhood infection
  • Distinctive cough
    • Supportive treatment
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15
Q

What is the most common cause of Croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus 1-4

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16
Q

What is Bronchiolitis?

What is the most common cause?

A
  • Lower RT infection in young children
  • Wheezing
  • Tachycardia

RSV is the most common cause

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of Bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

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18
Q

What condition is bronchiolitis linked to?

A

Development of asthma

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19
Q

How is RSV treated?

A
  • Ribavirin
    • side effects exist
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20
Q

How can RSV infection be prevented?

A
  • Synagis
    • Prophylactic monoclonal antibody
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21
Q

Describe the Influenza virus?

A
  • Epidemics and pandemics
  • Orthomyxovirus
  • 3 types (A, B, C)
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22
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza virus?

A
  • Headache
  • Myalgia
  • Rhinorrhoea
  • Coughing
  • Sore throat
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23
Q

What are some of the common complications of influenza virus?

A
  • Dhydration
  • Pneumonia
24
Q

What are some of the uncommon complications of influenza virus?

A
  • Encephalopathy
  • Reye syndrome
  • Myositis
  • Myocarditis
  • Febrile seizures
25
Q

What are the risk factors for complicated influenza?

A
26
Q

How can influenza be treated?

A
  • Ribavirin
  • M2 Inhibitors
    • Amantadine
  • Neuroaminadase Inhibitors
    • Zanamivir
27
Q

Describe the influenza vaccination?

A
  • Live and inactivate versions
  • Offered to risk groups
28
Q

What are the types of inactivated influenza vaccine?

A
  • Trivalent vaccine
  • Adjuvanted trivalent vaccine
  • Quadrivalent vaccine

All have type A and B influenza versions

29
Q

What type of influenza vaccination is often offered to children?

A
  • Live attenuated INTRANASAL vaccine
  • Influenza A and B types
30
Q

What is an influenza pandemic?

A
  • Worldwide epidemics of a newly emerged strain of influenza
  • Allows new virus to spread widely and to cause more serious illness
31
Q

What could the next influenza pandemic be?

A
  • Avian influenza
  • Natural reservoir of influenza A in aquative viruses
  • Flu in birds is based on pathogenicitiy in chickens
32
Q

What is H5N1?

A

Avian influenza

33
Q

Describe H5N1?

A
  • Not effective at spreading between humans
  • Causes acute respiratory distress syndrome
34
Q

How is H5N1 treated?

A

Oseltamivir

35
Q

Describe what can be caused from MERS-Coronavirus (COV)?

A
  • Prodrome
  • Acute illness
  • Fulminant illness
36
Q

Describe prodrome caused by MERS-COV?

A
  • Flu-like illness
  • Transmission unlikely
37
Q

Describe acute illness caused by MERS-COV?

A
  • Cough
  • Vomiting
  • Chest pain

Tranmission can occur

38
Q

Describe fulminant illness caused by MERS-COV?

A
  • ARDS
  • Renal failure
  • Multi-organ failure

Transmission can occur

39
Q

What is the fatality rate with MERS-COV?

A

35% fatality rate

40
Q

What is EV-D68?

A

Enterovrirus D68

41
Q

How does EV-D68 spread?

A
  • Stool
  • Oral secretions
  • Respiratory droplets
  • *****Asthmatics are a greater risk
42
Q

What can EV-D68 cause?

A
  • Respiratory disease
  • Acute flaccid myeltis
43
Q

How can flu be diagnosed?

A
  • Tissue culture
  • Electron microscopy
  • Immunofluorescence
44
Q

What are the benefits of molecular testing?

A
  • Rapid
  • Can ensure effective treatment
45
Q

Describe Point of Care Testing (POCT)?

A
  • Fast mobile diagnosis
  • Gargle fluid
  • Wait 20 minutes
  • Can distinguish between
    • Flu A
    • Flu B
    • RSV
46
Q

Name the categories of drugs which can be used in influenza treatment?

A
  • M2 inhibitors
  • Neuroamidase inhibitors
  • RNA polmerase inhibitors
  • IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors
47
Q

Name some M2 inhibitors?

A
  • Amantadine
  • Rimantadine
48
Q

Describe how M2 inhibitors work?

A
  • M2 is a protein present in influenza A
    • Causes a pH change allowing viral uncoating
  • M2 inhibitors prevent this from occurring
    • Only effective against type A influenza
49
Q

Name some neuraminidase inhibitors?

A
  • Oseltamivir
  • Zanamivir
50
Q

Describe how neuraminidase inhibitors work?

A
  • Neuraminidase is a surface protein on influenza
  • Allows progeny release to infect other cells
  • Iinhibitors prevent influenza from infecting other cells
51
Q

Name an RNA polymerase inhibitor?

A

Favipiravir

52
Q

Name an IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor?

A

Ribavirin

53
Q

Describe Type B influenza?

A
  • Humans only
  • Two lineages:
    • Victorian
    • Yamagata
54
Q

Describe type B influenza?

A
  • Wider range of animals
  • Haemagglutinin
    • H1 to H16 in birds
    • H17 and H18 in bats
  • Neuraminidase
    • N1 to N9 in birds
    • N10 and N11 in bats
55
Q

What are epidemics caused by?

A
  • Antigenic drift
    • Influenza infection then develop antibodies
    • Over time the virus will mutate
    • The combination of mutations may mean that the antibodies will no longer recognise influenza
56
Q

What is monitored by public health when there is an influenza epidemic?

A
  • School absences
  • Emergency room visits
  • Pneumonia hospital admissions
  • Pneumonia-influenza mortality
  • Google searches associated with influenza

Y4: Infectious Disease (18 decks)

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