Viral RT Infections Flashcards
What are the common viral causes of the common cold?
- Rhinovirus
- Coronavirus
What is the most common viral cause of pharyngitis?
Adenovirus
What is the most common viral cause of croup?
Parainfluenza virus
What is the most common viral cause of Acute bronchitis?
RSV
What is a common viral cause of bronchiolitis?
RSV
What is a common viral cause of pneumonia?
- Influenza
- RSV
What are the symptoms of the common cold?
- Sore throat
- Rhinorrhea
- Nasal obstruction
What are the some complications of the common cold?
- Sinusitis
- Ottitis media
Describe Rhinovirus?
- Picornaviridae family
- ssRNA
- RV-A, RV-B, RV-C
Describe Coronavirus?
- ssRNA
- Largest RNA virus genome
- Enveloped
Describe Pharyngitis?
- Sore throat + pharyngeal inflammation
- Nasal symptoms = viral cause
- No nasal symptoms = bacterial cause
What viral pathogens can cause pharyngitis?
- Rhinovirus
- Adenovirus
- Influenza
- Parainfluenza
Name some non-respiratory viral causes of Pharyngitis?
- Inectious mononuucleosis
- EBV
- Saliva spread
- HIV seroconversion illness
- Herpes simplex virus
What is Croup?
How do you treat it?
- Childhood infection
- Distinctive cough
- Supportive treatment
What is the most common cause of Croup?
Parainfluenza virus 1-4
What is Bronchiolitis?
What is the most common cause?
- Lower RT infection in young children
- Wheezing
- Tachycardia
RSV is the most common cause
What is the most common cause of Bronchiolitis?
RSV
What condition is bronchiolitis linked to?
Development of asthma
How is RSV treated?
- Ribavirin
- side effects exist
How can RSV infection be prevented?
- Synagis
- Prophylactic monoclonal antibody
Describe the Influenza virus?
- Epidemics and pandemics
- Orthomyxovirus
- 3 types (A, B, C)
What are the symptoms of influenza virus?
- Headache
- Myalgia
- Rhinorrhoea
- Coughing
- Sore throat
What are some of the common complications of influenza virus?
- Dhydration
- Pneumonia
What are some of the uncommon complications of influenza virus?
- Encephalopathy
- Reye syndrome
- Myositis
- Myocarditis
- Febrile seizures
What are the risk factors for complicated influenza?
How can influenza be treated?
- Ribavirin
- M2 Inhibitors
- Amantadine
- Neuroaminadase Inhibitors
- Zanamivir
Describe the influenza vaccination?
- Live and inactivate versions
- Offered to risk groups
What are the types of inactivated influenza vaccine?
- Trivalent vaccine
- Adjuvanted trivalent vaccine
- Quadrivalent vaccine
All have type A and B influenza versions
What type of influenza vaccination is often offered to children?
- Live attenuated INTRANASAL vaccine
- Influenza A and B types
What is an influenza pandemic?
- Worldwide epidemics of a newly emerged strain of influenza
- Allows new virus to spread widely and to cause more serious illness
What could the next influenza pandemic be?
- Avian influenza
- Natural reservoir of influenza A in aquative viruses
- Flu in birds is based on pathogenicitiy in chickens
What is H5N1?
Avian influenza
Describe H5N1?
- Not effective at spreading between humans
- Causes acute respiratory distress syndrome
How is H5N1 treated?
Oseltamivir
Describe what can be caused from MERS-Coronavirus (COV)?
- Prodrome
- Acute illness
- Fulminant illness
Describe prodrome caused by MERS-COV?
- Flu-like illness
- Transmission unlikely
Describe acute illness caused by MERS-COV?
- Cough
- Vomiting
- Chest pain
Tranmission can occur
Describe fulminant illness caused by MERS-COV?
- ARDS
- Renal failure
- Multi-organ failure
Transmission can occur
What is the fatality rate with MERS-COV?
35% fatality rate
What is EV-D68?
Enterovrirus D68
How does EV-D68 spread?
- Stool
- Oral secretions
- Respiratory droplets
- *****Asthmatics are a greater risk
What can EV-D68 cause?
- Respiratory disease
- Acute flaccid myeltis
How can flu be diagnosed?
- Tissue culture
- Electron microscopy
- Immunofluorescence
What are the benefits of molecular testing?
- Rapid
- Can ensure effective treatment
Describe Point of Care Testing (POCT)?
- Fast mobile diagnosis
- Gargle fluid
- Wait 20 minutes
- Can distinguish between
- Flu A
- Flu B
- RSV
Name the categories of drugs which can be used in influenza treatment?
- M2 inhibitors
- Neuroamidase inhibitors
- RNA polmerase inhibitors
- IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors
Name some M2 inhibitors?
- Amantadine
- Rimantadine
Describe how M2 inhibitors work?
- M2 is a protein present in influenza A
- Causes a pH change allowing viral uncoating
- M2 inhibitors prevent this from occurring
- Only effective against type A influenza
Name some neuraminidase inhibitors?
- Oseltamivir
- Zanamivir
Describe how neuraminidase inhibitors work?
- Neuraminidase is a surface protein on influenza
- Allows progeny release to infect other cells
- Iinhibitors prevent influenza from infecting other cells
Name an RNA polymerase inhibitor?
Favipiravir
Name an IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor?
Ribavirin
Describe Type B influenza?
- Humans only
- Two lineages:
- Victorian
- Yamagata
Describe type B influenza?
- Wider range of animals
- Haemagglutinin
- H1 to H16 in birds
- H17 and H18 in bats
- Neuraminidase
- N1 to N9 in birds
- N10 and N11 in bats
What are epidemics caused by?
- Antigenic drift
- Influenza infection then develop antibodies
- Over time the virus will mutate
- The combination of mutations may mean that the antibodies will no longer recognise influenza
What is monitored by public health when there is an influenza epidemic?
- School absences
- Emergency room visits
- Pneumonia hospital admissions
- Pneumonia-influenza mortality
- Google searches associated with influenza
