Viral RT Infections Flashcards
1
Q
What are the common viral causes of the common cold?
A
- Rhinovirus
- Coronavirus
2
Q
What is the most common viral cause of pharyngitis?
A
Adenovirus
3
Q
What is the most common viral cause of croup?
A
Parainfluenza virus
4
Q
What is the most common viral cause of Acute bronchitis?
A
RSV
5
Q
What is a common viral cause of bronchiolitis?
A
RSV
6
Q
What is a common viral cause of pneumonia?
A
- Influenza
- RSV
7
Q
What are the symptoms of the common cold?
A
- Sore throat
- Rhinorrhea
- Nasal obstruction
8
Q
What are the some complications of the common cold?
A
- Sinusitis
- Ottitis media
9
Q
Describe Rhinovirus?
A
- Picornaviridae family
- ssRNA
- RV-A, RV-B, RV-C
10
Q
Describe Coronavirus?
A
- ssRNA
- Largest RNA virus genome
- Enveloped
11
Q
Describe Pharyngitis?
A
- Sore throat + pharyngeal inflammation
- Nasal symptoms = viral cause
- No nasal symptoms = bacterial cause
12
Q
What viral pathogens can cause pharyngitis?
A
- Rhinovirus
- Adenovirus
- Influenza
- Parainfluenza
13
Q
Name some non-respiratory viral causes of Pharyngitis?
A
- Inectious mononuucleosis
- EBV
- Saliva spread
- HIV seroconversion illness
- Herpes simplex virus
14
Q
What is Croup?
How do you treat it?
A
- Childhood infection
- Distinctive cough
- Supportive treatment
15
Q
What is the most common cause of Croup?
A
Parainfluenza virus 1-4
16
Q
What is Bronchiolitis?
What is the most common cause?
A
- Lower RT infection in young children
- Wheezing
- Tachycardia
RSV is the most common cause
17
Q
What is the most common cause of Bronchiolitis?
A
RSV
18
Q
What condition is bronchiolitis linked to?
A
Development of asthma
19
Q
How is RSV treated?
A
- Ribavirin
- side effects exist
20
Q
How can RSV infection be prevented?
A
- Synagis
- Prophylactic monoclonal antibody
21
Q
Describe the Influenza virus?
A
- Epidemics and pandemics
- Orthomyxovirus
- 3 types (A, B, C)
22
Q
What are the symptoms of influenza virus?
A
- Headache
- Myalgia
- Rhinorrhoea
- Coughing
- Sore throat
23
Q
What are some of the common complications of influenza virus?
A
- Dhydration
- Pneumonia
24
Q
What are some of the uncommon complications of influenza virus?
A
- Encephalopathy
- Reye syndrome
- Myositis
- Myocarditis
- Febrile seizures
25
What are the risk factors for complicated influenza?
26
How can influenza be treated?
* Ribavirin
* M2 Inhibitors
* Amantadine
* Neuroaminadase Inhibitors
* Zanamivir
27
Describe the influenza vaccination?
* Live and inactivate versions
* Offered to risk groups
28
What are the types of inactivated influenza vaccine?
* Trivalent vaccine
* Adjuvanted trivalent vaccine
* Quadrivalent vaccine
All have type A and B influenza versions
29
What type of influenza vaccination is often offered to children?
* Live attenuated INTRANASAL vaccine
* Influenza A and B types
30
What is an influenza pandemic?
* Worldwide epidemics of a newly emerged strain of influenza
* Allows new virus to spread widely and to cause more serious illness
31
What could the next influenza pandemic be?
* Avian influenza
* Natural reservoir of influenza A in aquative viruses
* Flu in birds is based on pathogenicitiy in chickens
32
What is H5N1?
Avian influenza
33
Describe H5N1?
* Not effective at spreading between humans
* Causes acute respiratory distress syndrome
34
How is H5N1 treated?
Oseltamivir
35
Describe what can be caused from MERS-Coronavirus (COV)?
* Prodrome
* Acute illness
* Fulminant illness
36
Describe prodrome caused by MERS-COV?
* Flu-like illness
* Transmission unlikely
37
Describe acute illness caused by MERS-COV?
* Cough
* Vomiting
* Chest pain
Tranmission can occur
38
Describe fulminant illness caused by MERS-COV?
* ARDS
* Renal failure
* Multi-organ failure
Transmission can occur
39
What is the fatality rate with MERS-COV?
35% fatality rate
40
What is EV-D68?
Enterovrirus D68
41
How does EV-D68 spread?
* Stool
* Oral secretions
* Respiratory droplets
* \*\*\*\*\*Asthmatics are a greater risk
42
What can EV-D68 cause?
* Respiratory disease
* Acute flaccid myeltis
43
How can flu be diagnosed?
* Tissue culture
* Electron microscopy
* Immunofluorescence
44
What are the benefits of molecular testing?
* Rapid
* Can ensure effective treatment
45
Describe Point of Care Testing (POCT)?
* Fast mobile diagnosis
* Gargle fluid
* Wait 20 minutes
* Can distinguish between
* Flu A
* Flu B
* RSV
46
Name the categories of drugs which can be used in influenza treatment?
* M2 inhibitors
* Neuroamidase inhibitors
* RNA polmerase inhibitors
* IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors
47
Name some M2 inhibitors?
* Amantadine
* Rimantadine
48
Describe how M2 inhibitors work?
* M2 is a protein present in influenza A
* Causes a pH change allowing viral uncoating
* M2 inhibitors prevent this from occurring
* Only effective against type A influenza
49
Name some neuraminidase inhibitors?
* Oseltamivir
* Zanamivir
50
Describe how neuraminidase inhibitors work?
* Neuraminidase is a surface protein on influenza
* Allows progeny release to infect other cells
* Iinhibitors prevent influenza from infecting other cells
51
Name an RNA polymerase inhibitor?
Favipiravir
52
Name an IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor?
Ribavirin
53
Describe Type B influenza?
* Humans only
* Two lineages:
* Victorian
* Yamagata
54
Describe type B influenza?
* Wider range of animals
* Haemagglutinin
* H1 to H16 in birds
* H17 and H18 in bats
* Neuraminidase
* N1 to N9 in birds
* N10 and N11 in bats
55
What are epidemics caused by?
* Antigenic drift
* Influenza infection then develop antibodies
* Over time the virus will mutate
* The combination of mutations may mean that the antibodies will no longer recognise influenza
56
What is monitored by public health when there is an influenza epidemic?
* School absences
* Emergency room visits
* Pneumonia hospital admissions
* Pneumonia-influenza mortality
* Google searches associated with influenza
