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Week 7 - microbiology > Viral respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

Viral respiratory tract infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the contact transmission route?

A
  • Direct: deposited on persons, viruses transfer from one person to another
  • Indirect: deposited on objects: virus transfer through contaminated intermediate objects (fomites)
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2
Q

What viruses can cause pharyngitis?

A
  • Rhinovirus
  • Human coronaviruses
  • Adenoviruses
  • Parainfluenza viruses
  • Human metapneumovirus
  • Influenza viruses
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3
Q

What virus can cause croup?

A
  • Parainflenza

* Influenza

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4
Q

What viruses can cause bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

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5
Q

What viruses can cause pneumonia?

A
  • Influenza
  • SARS
  • SARS CoV-2
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6
Q

What are the complications of the common cold?

A
  • otitis media
  • Sinusitits
  • Severe infection in the vulnerable groups
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of the common cold?

A
  • Nasal congestion/obstruction
  • Sore/scratchy throat
  • Sneezing
  • Cough
  • Headache
  • Fever
  • Hoarseness
  • Fatigue
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8
Q

What are the two most common causes of the common cold?

A
  • Rhinovirus

* Seasonal coronaviruses

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of pharyngitis?

A

•Sore throat
•Fever
•Pharyngeal inflammation
(• Coryza, hoarseness, cough)

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10
Q

What appearances are indicative of a bacterial infection in the oropharynx?

A
  • Palatal petechiae

* Exudative tonsil hypertrophy

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11
Q

What appearances are indicative of a viral infection of the oropharynx?

A
  • Pahryngeal redness

* Tonsillar erythema

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12
Q

What appearance is indicative of a fungal infection in the oropharynx?

A
  • Angular chelitis

* Curdlike plaques

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13
Q

What is the peak age of croup?

A

2 years

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14
Q

What are the early signs of croup?

A
  • Fever
  • Rhinorrhoea
  • Cough
  • Sore throat
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of croup (not prodromal)?

A
  • Nonproductive harsh seal like cough
  • Inspiratory stridor
  • Tachypnoea
  • Subglottic obstruction
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16
Q

What are the complications of croup?

A

Intubation

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17
Q

What is the main cause of croup?

A

Parainfluenza viruses 1-4

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18
Q

What is the incubation period of bronchiolitis?

A

3 to 5 days

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19
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A
  • Inflammation and narrowing of the small airways
  • Attaches to the airway epithelial cells which are then shed
  • Mucous production and oedema due to inflammation
20
Q

What are the symptoms of RSV in young children?

A 
•Low grade fever
•Wheezing 
•Increasing respiratory effort
 - chest wall retraction 
 - tachypnoea
 - nasal flare 
•Reduced oral intake 
•Apnoea in <6 weeks of age
21
Q

What is there an association of with RSV in young children?

A

The development of asthma

22
Q

What can be given to high risk infants to help with RSV?

A
  • Prophylactic monoclonal antibody (Palivizumab/synagis)

* IM given monthly during RSV period/season

23
Q

how long can RSV survive on surfaces?

A

4-7 hours

24
Q

What are the control measures if a patient in hospital has RSV?

A

Cohort, PPE, hand washing

25
Q

What are the symptoms of RSV in older children and adults?

A
  • Mild to moderate symptoms
  • Viral induced wheeze
  • Viral pneumonia
  • Exacerbation of COPD and asthma
26
Q

Which groups are more at risk of severe complications of RSV infection?

A
  • Elderly
  • Chronic underlying lung/cardiac disease
  • Immunocompromised
27
Q

What is the treatment of RSV?

A
  • Supportive: oxygen supplementation and fluids

* Ribavirin

28
Q

What is the natural reservoir for influenza A?

A

Wild birds

29
Q

What is the natural reservoir for influenza B?

A

Humans

30
Q

Describe antigenic drift in influenza

A

Mutations can alter the amino acid structure of the protein haemaglutinin which is a main target by the adaptive immune system, affecting antibody affinity

31
Q

What is antigenic shift

A

If someone is infected with two different forms of the virus at the same time, there can be a reassortment resulting in a new virus

32
Q

What are the neurological symptoms of influenza?

A
  • Headache
  • Fever
  • Confusion
33
Q

What are the neurological complications of influenza?

A
  • Febrile convulsions
  • Reyes syndrome
  • Meningitis/encephalitis
  • Transverse myelitis
  • Guillain barre syndrome
34
Q

What are the respiratory symptoms of influenza?

A
  • Dry cough
  • Sore throat
  • Nasal congestion
35
Q

What are the GI symptoms of influenza?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • diarrhoea
36
Q

What are the musculoskeletal symptoms of influenza?

A
  • Myalgia

* Fatigue

37
Q

What are the respiratory complications of influenza?

A
  • Otitis media
  • Croup
  • Sinusitis/bronchitis/pharyngitis
  • Pneumonia (viral, or secondary bacterial)
  • Exacerbation of chronic lung disease
38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of amantadine?

A

M2 proton channel blocker in influenza A

39
Q

Name 2 neuraminidase inhibitors

A
  • Oseltamivir
  • Zanamivir
  • Peramivir
40
Q

Name two polymerase inhibitors

A
  • Baloxavir

* Favipavir

41
Q

What is the treatment of influenza in the UK?

A
  • Oseltamivir 75mg oral twice daily
  • Zanamivir 10mg INH twice daily
  • Both for 5 days
42
Q

What is the prophylaxis for influenza?

A

Oseltamivir and zanamivir both once daily for 10 days

43
Q

Describe the transmission to humans in avian influenza

A
  • Close contact infected bird (respiratory droplets or faeces)
  • Household contact
  • Healthcare workers
44
Q

What are the symptoms of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus?

A
  • Flu like illness (fever, cough)
  • Dyspnoea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Chest pain
  • Pneumonia
45
Q

What are the complications of MERS-CoV?

A
  • ARDS
  • Renal failure
  • Multi organ failure
46
Q

What are the benefits of molecular testing?

A
  • Rapid detection
  • Improves the diagnosis of previously under diagnosed infection
  • Can be developed to detect new pathogens
  • Better understanding of respiratory illness, inform public health
  • New treatments

Week 7 - microbiology (12 decks)

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