Viral Infections Flashcards
Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Coxsackie virus.
What are the common location of infection for these pathogens?
nasopharynx
What are the common location of infection for these pathogens?
Epstein-Barr virus, Adenovirus, Enteroviruses
oropharynx
What are the common location of infection for these pathogens?
Adenovirus, Herpesviruses
conjunctiva
What are the common location of infection for these pathogens?
Parainfluenza viruses
larynx-trachea
What are the common location of infection for these pathogens?
influenza, measles
bronchi
What are the common location of infection for these pathogens?
RSV
bronchioles
what type of genome do adenoviruses ha ve?
Linear, non-segmented, d/s DNA,
What groups are at risk for acute respiratory illness or pneumonia due to adenovirus?
individuals in crowded conditions - military recruits, boarding school students, etc
What kind of genome do coronaviruses have?
non segment, ss, + RNA
How are coronaviruses transmitted?
Transmitted by aerosols of respiratory secretions, growth appears to be localized in epithelium of URT
When is coronavirus infection most common among children?
winter
Civets, ferrets, and bats are common reservoirs for what kind of virus?
coronavirus
What is the reservoir for SARS?
bats and civets
What is SARS?
severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus
What is MERS?
middle east respiratory syndrome caused by corona virus
What is the reservoir for MERS?
camels
Orthomyxovirus is another name for what virus?
influenza
An acute respiratory disease with prominent systemic symptoms despite the fact that the infection rarely extends beyond the respiratory tract mucosa describes what infection?
influenza
What is the orthomyxovirus (influenza) genome like?
ss, negative RNA with 8 segments
What proteins are used to categorize types of influenza?
protein M and NP
What proteins are important in the pathogenesis of influenza?
hemagglutinin (H antigen) and Neuraminidase (N antigen)
What does the H antigen do in influenza?
bind to the cell
what does the N antigen do in influenza?
allows mature virus to escape the cell
Define antigenic shift
When the H or N antigen for influenza changes subtypes (H1, 2 or 3 and N1 or 2)
Define antigenic drift
slight changes in the H and N antigens which allow for escape from the immune system but do not change the type of antigen
what causes epidemics and pandemics: antigenic shift or drift?
shift
Who is at highest risk for complications from influenza such as pneumonia?
the very young, the very old, the pregnant, and persons with underlying cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and renal diseases
Abrupt onset with fever (102°-104° F), chills, rigors, headache, congested conjunctiva, extreme prostration with myalgia in the back and limbs, and infection of the pharynx and conjunctiva. These are all symptoms of what?
influenza
When do influenza fevers abate? when is complete recovery usually achieved?
4 days, a week
What causes pneumonia in influenza patients?
typically a secondary bacterial pneumonia such as s. aureus, h. influenza, or strep pyogenes
What is the main way you can differentiate influenza pneumonia from atypical pneumonia?
onset - influenza tends to be acute
How is the flu diagnosed?
fluorescent antibody testing or serology
What are two kinds of chemoprophylaxis for the flu?
amantadine or tamiflu **
What 2 types of viruses are included in paramyxovirus?
parainfluenza and mumps
Which of the following cause acute respiratory disease:
- morbilliviruses and mumps
- parainfluenza and RSV
2 - PIV and RSV
What kind of genome do paramyxoviruses have?
non segmented negative RNA
How is mumps prevented?
vaccination (live attenuatd)
Among whom are mumps complications such as orchitis and meningitis common: children or adults?
adults
Red, maculopapular rash and Koplik spots are indicative of what virus?
measles
What is a rare but serious complication from measles?
subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis
Among whom should measles vaccination be avoided?
pregnant individuals
What does RSV cause?
LRTI in children and infants
Where does RSV initially cause infection?
URT. in half of children under 8 months, it drops down into LRT and causes croup, bronchitis and pneumonia
Croup, bronchitis and pneumonia in young children is frequently caused by what virus?
RSV
Is there long term immunty against RSV?
nope and no vaccine
What is an effective treatment for RSV?
palivixumab
What is the main cause of the common cold?
rhinovirus
What causes the symptoms of the common cold with rhinovirus infection?
damage to ciliated epithelium in URT
When you are sick with a flu like illness, how long should you stay home?
24 hours past the time the fever is gone
