Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pulmonology > Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What system controls the contraction-relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostals

A

central nervous system - they are striated and have no intrinsic or tonic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are respiratory pump muscles automatic or autonomic?

A

automatic - breathing occurs without interruption up to a point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is breathing rhythm generated?

A

the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What breathing region is located in the nucleus of the solitary tract? (NTS)

A

the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - dorsomedial medulla, caudally to mid-rostral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which breathing apparatus is a continuous column in the ventrolateral medulla?

A

the ventral respiratory column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What group contains both the parabrachial complex, the Kolliker Fuse nucleus, and is in the rostral dorsolateral pons?

A

pontine respiratory group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the neurons responsible for breathing rhythm GENERATION?

A

the VRC - pre Botzinger complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What neurons MIGHT be responsible for expiratory rhythms?

A

the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

From the preBotC and pFRG, whre does the activity get relayed most immediately?

A

pre motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors are in what 3 classes of sensors?

A

pulmonary mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 sub types of pulmonary mechanoreceptors?

A

slowly adapting stretch
rapidly adapting (irritant)
c fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What effect do arterial baroreceptors have on ventilation?

A

inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located?

A

airway smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors activated?

A

lung inflation or bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is PSR input to the brainstem sufficiently strong to terminate ongoing inspiration and initiate expiration? What is this reflex called?

A

When lung inflation is 3x normal tidal volume (i.e. during exercise).

Breuer Hering inspiratory terminating reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If lung inflation is maintained into the expiratory period due to obstruction, what happens to experation length and muscle activation? What is this called?

A

expiration is prolonged, decreasing RR, and muscles are activated

Breuer Hering expiratory facilitating reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (RAR) also go by what name?

A

irritant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are RAR located?

A

between airway epithelial cells in trachea and larger bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RAR activation facilitates what part of breath?

A

inspiration (i.e. sigh or augmented breath)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 3 things other than inspiration do RAR most likely contribute to?

A
  1. cough reflex
  2. mucus production
  3. bronchoconstriction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the epipharynx, what does RAR activation initiate?

A

the aspiratory reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do C fibers sense?

A

accumulation of edema and inhaled irritants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are C fibers? Are they myelinated?

A

close to the alveoli

unmyelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What breathing patterns and sensations are C fibers involved in?

A

rapid shallow breathing patterns of pulmonary disease

dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What typically triggers coughing?

A

irritating stimulus in or below oropharynx

26
Q

What typically triggers sneezing?

A

irritation above oropharynx

27
Q

Where is sneezing stimulated?

A

Sneezing is stimulated via receptors in the mucous membrane of nose with axons in branches of the trigeminal nerve.

28
Q

Where is coughing generated?

A

Coughing is generally attributed to activation of c-fibers with a permissive role from rapidly adapting receptors.

29
Q

What are carotid and aortic bodies?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated by decreasing PaO2, increasing PaCO@ and decreasing pHa

30
Q

When do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to hypoxemia?

A

when PaO2 is below 60 mmHg, very rapidly below 50 mmHg due to Hb-O2 dissociation curve

31
Q

What is an important subset of central chemoreceptors?

A

retrotrapezoid nucleus in the medulla

32
Q

Which receptors respond most strongly to changes in PaO2? PaCO2?

A 
peripheral = 02 
central = CO@
33
Q

Why are central chemoreceptors not receptive to changes in pH?

A

H+ doesn’t cross the BBB

34
Q

Activation of which chemoreceptors is responsible for the changes in alveolar ventilation with increasing CO2?

A

central chemoreceptors (70%)

35
Q

What occurs with chronic changes to PaCO2?

A

arterial increase in bicarb

slow central response to this which resets medullary chemoreceptors and decreases respiratory drive

36
Q

What happens to CO2 sensitivity in chronic changes to PaCO2?

A

it is reduced (slope of alveolar ventilation v. PaCO2)

37
Q

What is Cheyne-stokes breathing?

A

decreased central chemoreceptor sensitivity causes decreased CO and a delay in responding to changes in PACo2
i.e. apnea

38
Q

What is congenital central hypoventilation syndrome?

A

CCHS is a potentially life-threatening genetic disorder characterized by hypoventilation especially during sleep due to an impaired ventilatory response to PCO2 and PO2. Additionally, the disease is often associated with functional impairments of the autonomic nervous system and tumors of neural crest derivatives

39
Q

What is the defining mutation of CCHS?

A

polyalanine expansion in Phox2b geen

40
Q

What does the polyalanine mutation in CCHS cause in the central chemoreceptors?

A

absence of retrotrapezoid neurons causes a loss in normal respiratory drive from chemoreceptors

41
Q

What is Rett syndrome

A

a developmental disorder of the CNS that is caused by mutations in Xlinked Mecp2

42
Q

Rett syndrome is X linked, is it more common in boys or girls?

A

girls!

43
Q

Cheyne-stokes breathing is usually seen in which genetic condition?

A

Rett syndrome

44
Q

Match the following pontomedullary cardiorespiratory cell groups with the descriptions that follow. a) parafacial respiratory group

b) preBötzinger complex
c) rostral ventral respiratory group d) caudal ventral respiratory group e) dorsal respiratory group
f) pontine respiratory group
g) retrotrapezoid nucleus
1) Contains the central pattern generator for inspiration.
2) Hypothesized to contain the central pattern generator for expiration.
3) Collection of respiratory neurons located in the nucleus of the solitary tract.
4) A site of central chemoreception
5) Important for the coordination of respiratory control with activity in other systems. 6) Principal site of inspiratory bulbospinal premotor neurons.
7) Principal site of expiratory bulbospinal premotor neurons.

A

1) b, 2) a, 3) e, 4) g, 5) f, 6) c, 7) d

45
Q

Match the following sensory receptors to the reflex effects that follow. a) slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs).

b) rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (RARs).
c) bronchopulmonary C-fibers.
8) Breuer-Hering reflex termination of an ongoing inspiration 9) Sigh or augmented breath
10) Breuer-Hering reflex facilitation of expiration
11) Shallow rapid breathing

A

8) a, 9) b 10 a, 11) c

46
Q

Given the fact that tubercle bacilli grow better at higher oxygen tensions, in what region of the lungs would you expect tuberculosis to begin? Why?

A

Tubercle bacilli will prefer the apices of the lung, since the partial pressure of O2 is highest there due to the normal distribution of V & Q in upright humans in a gravitational field. Which parts of the lungs of cows and bats (which hang upside down a lot) would you expect to find tubercle bacilli?

47
Q

Why does inhomogeneity of ventilation and perfusion produce hypoxemia but not hypercapnia?

A

The relationship between gas content and partial pressure is relatively linear for CO2, so that if one region is relatively under ventilated, it can be compensated for by another region that is relatively over ventilated. However, for O2, the relationship between gas content and partial pressure is quite non-linear and arterial blood is on the flat portion (Hb is nearly saturated) of the Hb-O2 dissociation curve. This means that increasing the partial pressure of O2 (by increasing the ventilation) of the lung will only slightly increase the oxygen content. In contrast, a precipitous reduction in O2 content results from under ventilation due to the steep decrease in Hb-O2 binding at lower O2 pressures.

48
Q

Why is VA/Q higher in the apical regions of the lung in an upright person than it is in the basal regions?

A

In the upright lung in a gravitational field, the apex of the lung has both a lower compliance (and hence lower ventilation) and lower blood flow than the base. Nevertheless, VA Q is higher in the apex because the decrease in compliance, and hence ventilation, is less than the decrease in blood flow

49
Q

Of the following, which one is responsible for rapid shallow breathing?
SARs
RARs
C fibers

A

C fibers

50
Q

Of the following which one is responsible for the Breuer Hering reflex facilitation of expiration?
SARs
RARs
C fibers

A

SARs

51
Q

Of the following, which one is responsible for sigh’s or augmented breaths?
SARs
RARs
C fibers

A

RARs

52
Q

Of the following, which one is responsible for the Breuer-Hering reflex termination of an ongoing inspiration?
SARs
RARs
C fibers

A

SARs

53
Q 
Parafacial respiratory group 
pre Botz complex 
rostral ventral respiratory group 
caudal ventral respiratory group 
dorsal respiratory group
pontine respiratory group 
retrotrapezoid nucleus

Which one contains the central pattern generator for inspiration?

A

the prebotzinger complex

54
Q 
Parafacial respiratory group 
pre Botz complex 
rostral ventral respiratory group 
caudal ventral respiratory group 
dorsal respiratory group
pontine respiratory group 
retrotrapezoid nucleus

Of these, which ones contains the central pattern generator for expiration?

A

parafacial respiratory group

55
Q 
Parafacial respiratory group 
pre Botz complex 
rostral ventral respiratory group 
caudal ventral respiratory group 
dorsal respiratory group
pontine respiratory group 
retrotrapezoid nucleus

of these, which one is a collection of respiratory neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract?

A

dorsal respiratory group

56
Q 
Parafacial respiratory group 
pre Botz complex 
rostral ventral respiratory group 
caudal ventral respiratory group 
dorsal respiratory group
pontine respiratory group 
retrotrapezoid nucleus

Of these, which one is a site of central chemoreception?

A

retrotrapezoid nucleus

57
Q 
Parafacial respiratory group 
pre Botz complex 
rostral ventral respiratory group 
caudal ventral respiratory group 
dorsal respiratory group
pontine respiratory group 
retrotrapezoid nucleus

Of these, which one is important in coordinating respiratory control with other systems?

A

pontine respiratory group

58
Q 
Parafacial respiratory group 
pre Botz complex 
rostral ventral respiratory group 
caudal ventral respiratory group 
dorsal respiratory group
pontine respiratory group 
retrotrapezoid nucleus

Of these which one is the primary site for inspiratory bulbospinal premotor neurons?

A

rostral ventral respiratory group

59
Q 
Parafacial respiratory group 
pre Botz complex 
rostral ventral respiratory group 
caudal ventral respiratory group 
dorsal respiratory group
pontine respiratory group 
retrotrapezoid nucleus

Of these, which one is the principal site of expiratory bulbospinal premotor neurons?

A

caudal ventral respiratory group

60
Q

How would you calculate VCO2 if the FeCO2 is 0.04, the Ve is 5.51, the PaCO2 is 40 mmHg, and the barometric pressure is 761 mm Hg? What about Va?

A

VCO2 = FeCO2 X Ve

VA = RTVCO2/PaCO2

Pulmonology (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions