Bacterial Infections Flashcards
Gram positive lancet shaped diplococci are…
strep pneumonia
What are the 4 determinants of pathogenicity for strep. pneumonia?
capsule
pneumolysin
peptidoglycan
teichoic acid
What causes alpha hemolysis in strep pneumonia?
pneumolysin toxin
How is strep pneumonia spread?
person to person in aerosols
“rusty” colored sputum is a sign for what pneumonia cause?
strep pneumonia
splinting, pleuritic chest pain, and rusty colored sputum are characteristic of which cause of pneumonia?
strep pneumonia
Empyema is a possible complication of what kind of pneumonia?
strep pneumonia
A sputum sample is recovered with numerous gram positive cocci in pairs and chains, lots of neutrophils, and there are few epithelial cells. What is causing the pneumonia?
strep pneumonia
Which bacteria is catalase negative, optochin susceptible and bile soluble?
strep pneumonia
What is the treatment of choice for strep pneumonia?
penicillin (high dose) for pneumonia but not meningitis
If a strep pneumonia is resistant to penicillin, what is the next line of treatment?
vancomycin
Which quinolone has limited activity against strep pneumonia?
cipro
What are the 2 strep pneumonia vaccines?
pneumovax 23 and prevnar 13
Who should get vaccinated against strep pneumonia?
all children between 2 and 24 months of age, individuals 65 years of age and older, and all other individuals with conditions that predisposes to pneumococcal pneumonia (asthmatics, certain cancers, asplenic patients, many chronic illnesses, etc.
Which bacteria have a club shaped, chinese letter appearance?
C. diptheria
How is diptheria infection treated?
horse antisera and erthromycin/penicillin G/rifampin and clindamycin
Which bacteria is small, gram negative, cocoobacilli that grows aerobically and anaerobically?
h. influenza
What is the main pathogenic determinant for h. influenza?
capsule
Which types of h. influenza are most dangerous to children and why?
Capsulated H. influenzae primarily infects children because most adults have protective antibodies. Unencapsulated strains, however, may be isolated from adults and children.
What is a frequent cause of otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, and meningitis in children under the age of 6 and may spread from the inner ear, sinus, or lung to cause meningitis or septic arthritis.
h. influenza
What is a life threatening complication of h. influenza?
epiglottitis
How is H. influenza grown?
on CHOCOLATE agar only
How do you treat beta lactamase negative h. influenza?
ampicillin, amoxicillin, or penicillin G
In beta lactamase positive H. influenza, what is the treatment of choice?
cephalosporins
What vaccine is given routinely to infants at 2 months of age to prevent serious respiratory infection?
Hib
This bacteria is tiny, gram negative, coccobacillus, with pili, filamentous hemagglutinin, a toxin, and adenylate cyclase…
b. pertussis
What are 3 stages of pertussis infection?
incubation
catarrhal
paroxysmal
What are the 3 treatments for pertussis?
erythromycin, macrolides or TMP/sMX
WHich bacteria is extracellular, has no cell wall, and is pleimorphic in shape?
mycoplasma pneumoniae
Protein adhesin P1 is an important pathogen in what bacteria?
mycoplasma pneumoniae
How is mycoplasma p. spread?
person to person via aerosols
What is a bacterial cause of atypical pneumonia in young people?
mycoplasma pneumoniae
causes walking pneumonia
HOw is mycoplasma pneumonia diagnosed?
culture or specific antibody titers
HOw is mycoplasma pneumonia treated?
macrolides, tetracycline/doxycycline, and fluoroquinolones
Why is M pneumoniae resistant to penicillin?
no cell wall!
This pathogen causes an atypical CAP similar to mpneumonia.
chlamydia pneumoniae
How is chlamydia pneumoniae treated?
erythromycin and tetracycline
Which pathogen is associated with a high fever and extrapulmonary manifestations (e.g. n/v/HA)?
l. pneumophila
How is legionnaires disease treated?
azithromycin or ciproflaxin
This organism is a gram-negative, aerobic bacillus and an opportunistic pathogen. It harbors numerous virulence determinants, including pili, exotoxin A, a type III secretion system (ExoS and ExoU), and alginate.
P. Aeruginosa
How is pseudomonas treated?
Aminoglycosides are usually used in conjunction with an agent active against bacterial cell walls, such as piperacillin, ceftazidime, or imipenem.
Which bacterium is the leading cause of HAP and VAP>?
s. aureus
this pathogen is a non fermenting, gram negative bacterium that is frequently multidrug resistant and a common cause of HAP. It has frequent carbapenem resistance.
acinetobacter baumanii
Streptococcus pyogenes, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae can cause:
- pharyngitis
- otitis media
- acute sinusitis
- epiglottitis
- acute bronchitis
- pneumonia
pharyngitis - Streptococcus pyogenes, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- pharyngitis
- otitis media
- acute sinusitis
- epiglottitis
- acute bronchitis
- pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, S. pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis
otitis media - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, S. pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis
- pharyngitis
- otitis media
- acute sinusitis
- epiglottitis
- acute bronchitis
- pneumonia
S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis
acute sinusitis
- pharyngitis
- otitis media
- acute sinusitis
- epiglottitis
- acute bronchitis
- pneumonia
type B h. influenza
epiglottitis
- pharyngitis
- otitis media
- acute sinusitis
- epiglottitis
- acute bronchitis
- pneumonia
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis
Bronchitis - S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis
- CAP
- CA subacute or chronic pulmonary infections
- nosocomial pneumonia
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, mixed anaerobic bacteria (aspiration pneumonia)
CAP - S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, mixed anaerobic bacteria (aspiration pneumonia)
- CAP
- CA subacute or chronic pulmonary infections
- nosocomial pneumonia
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nocardia asteroides, Actinomyces israelii
CA subacute/chronic - Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nocardia asteroides, Actinomyces israelii
- CAP
- CA subacute or chronic pulmonary infections
- nosocomial pneumonia
Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp.), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila, mixed anaerobic bacteria (aspiration pneumonia)
nosocomial pneumonia - Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp.), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila, mixed anaerobic bacteria (aspiration pneumonia)
List the different clinical manifestations of typical vs. atypical pneumonias.
Typical pneumonia: abrupt onset, productive cough, the absence of upper respiratory symptoms, and frequently severe.
Atypical pneumonia: gradual onset, cough without sputum, accompanied by upper respiratory symptoms, frequently occurs in younger people, usually mild disease.
Which bacterial causes of pneumonia will not be detectable in gram-stained sputum specimens?
Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7. All of the following are said to cause an atypical pneumonia EXCEPT: A. Streptococcus pneumoniae; B. Chlamydia pneumoniae; C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae; D. Legionella pneumophila;
strep pneumonia
8. Which of the following is a cause of life-threatening epiglottitis? A. Streptococcus pneumoniae; B. Haemophilus influenzae; C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae; D. Legionella pneumophila;
h. influenza
