Viral infections Flashcards
main causes of honeybee colony loss
parasite varroa
pesticides
food shortage due to wildflower loss
can viral infections be asymptomatic
yes
what can viruses affect
eggs
larvae
pupae
adults
the way an infection can spread
horizontally or vertically
predisposing factors leading to viral infections
crowded population
stressful eg due to varroa mite infestation
main cause of honeybee loss
Parasite Varroa
Pesticides
Food shortage in form of wildflower loss
rna viruses
Dicistroviridae
Iflaviridae:
dna viruses
Apis mellifera filamentous virus
what is dicistroviridae known by
acute bee paralysis
israeli acute paralysis
kashmir bee virus
black queen cell
what is iflaviridae known by
deformed wing virus
kakugo virus
varroa destructor virus 1
sacbrood virus
slow bee paralysis virus
taxonomically unclassified viruses
chronic bee paralysis
lake sinai viruses
which virus was first detected in hungary
acute bee paralysis
which bees does ABPV mainly affect
worker bees
how does ABPV infect
via salivary glands of infected bees
what is the vector of ABPV
varroa destructor
symptoms of ABPV
no symptoms or trembling, paralysis of wings and bodies with 2-4 days and death 1-2 days later
larvae of bees infected with ABPV
if fed sufficiently with virus will die before sealed in their cells
chronic bee paralysis affects
workers and pupae
infection by CPV
via mouth/pore in cuticle left by broken hairs
when does CPV kill bees the quickest
at higher temperature of over 30 degrees
type 1 paralysis symptoms of CPV
aka isle of wight disease
trembling motion of wings and body
bloated abdomens
dysentery
type 2 paralysis symptoms of CPV
black robbers or little blacks
guard bees prevent their return to colony like robber bees
what are the symptoms of israeli acute paralysis virus
bees wings shiver
causing paralysis
found dead outside hives
what is israeli acute paralysis the best indicator of
colony collapse 96.1% correlation
which bees are seemingly unaffected by the sacbrood virus
drones are seemingly unaffected
which bees are most susceptible to SBV
larvae of about 2 days old but older are most susceptible
symptoms of SBV
larva lay along the base of the cell in a banana or gondola shape
why do larvae die in SBV
unable to shed their last larval skin and fail to pupate due to fluid accumulation
colour change of larvae affected with SBV
from pearly white to pale yellow then darkens around head and thoracic region when the larvae die
infected bees with SBV
will fly and forage much earlier in life than usual but fail to collect pollen as the hypopharyngeal glands degenerate
what bees does the deformed wing virus affect
workers as well as in brood
vector if deformed wing virus
varroa destructor
symptoms of DWV
deformed or poorly developed shrunken wings, decreased body size and discolouration in adult bees
which bees does the cloudy wing virus affect
mainly in workers
symptoms of cloudy wing virus
marked loos of transparency of the wings
which bees does the kashmir bee virus affect
mainly workers and larvar
mortality of KBV
within 3 days
symptoms of KBV
resembling an infection with american foulbrood or european foulbrood
which bees does the black queen cell virus affect
adult bees
praepupae
what is the BQCV associated with
nosema sp.
symptoms of the BQCV
dark brown or black queen cells containing dead pupae or prepupae
the only DNA virus we know
filamentous
symptoms of filamentous virus
haemolymph becomes milky white
characteristics pf chronic bee paralysis associate
satellite of CBPV - not unrelated serologically
more evident in queens than in workers
bee virus X characteristics
related to virus Y
occurs in adults
special association to malphighamoeba mellificae
slow paralysis virus characteristics
paralysis of the anterior two pairs of legs for a day or two before death
apis iridescent virus characteristics
multiplies in fat body alimentary tract hypopharyngeal glands and ovaries
only found in north india and kashmir
characteristics of arkansas bee virus
individuals die after about day 14 but shoe no sign of disease
only found in US
how do you diagnose viral infections
pcr
Treatment of viral infections
no known
control of viral infections
regular brood comb replacements
regular queen bee replacements
not breeding from stock demonstrating any signs
minimizing nutritional stress
minimise levels of nosema/ varroa
