American foulbrood

Question 1

what is the disease

Answer 1

histolysis infectiosa perniciosa larvae apium or pestis americana larvae apium

Question 2

what organisation should AFB be reported to

Answer 2

it has to be reported to world organization for animal health OIE

most dangerous bee disease
highly contagious

Question 3

pathogen of AFB

Answer 3

paenibacillus - bacillus larvae

Question 4

characteristics of AFB

Answer 4

gram positive

spore forming

Question 5

what is infective in AFB

Answer 5

only spores - 2.5 billion produced in each infected larvae

Question 6

what are the spores resistant to

Answer 6

to heat, cold, disinfectants, desiccation and humidity

Question 7

what stage is most susceptible to AFB

Answer 7

larvae most susceptible during early larval stages

Question 8

how many spores are enough to initiate a fatal infection

Answer 8

10 spores or fewer after about 12-36 hours after hatching

Question 9

when do larvae die

Answer 9

soon after they have been sealed due to septicaemia

Question 10

how do larvae older than 2 days old become infected

Answer 10

with only millions of spores

Question 11

which larvae are most susceptible

Answer 11

more susceptible are queen larvae than larvae of workers

Question 12

latent period length

Answer 12

takes 5 days

Question 13

diseased cell description

Answer 13

capping becomes moist and darken in colour

Question 14

shape of the capping

Answer 14

as larvae shrinks the capping is drawn down and becomes concave when normally it is convex

Question 15

colour of dead larvae

Answer 15

pearly white to a creamy brown

Question 16

smell of larvae

Answer 16

fish glue like smell

Question 17

infected brood colour

Answer 17

will turn chocolate brown and melt into a mass on the floor of the cell - pupal tongue syndrome

Question 18

what happens in bad cases

Answer 18

very dark brown scales found on lower parts which is very difficult to remove and can remain infective for up to 30 years

Question 19

diagnosing AFB

Answer 19

inspect the combs

study in UV light

mil probe = milk will curdle within a minute

PCR

cultivating bacterium

Question 20

what can you stain the spore with

Answer 20

staining of spores with methylene blue

Question 21

treatment of AFB

Answer 21

some countries allow oxytetracycline hydrochloride or sulfathiazole

Question 22

what are antibiotics not effective against

Answer 22

infectious spores - only suppress clinical symptoms and mask the disease

Question 23

breeding honey bee genetic stock

Answer 23

shows an increased immune response against the disease

Question 24

other controls of AFB

Answer 24

biocontrol through antagonistic bacteria and treat with natural antibacterial substances like essential oils or propoil

Question 25

in which counties are antibiotics banned to treat AFB

Answer 25

eu
antibiotics in the treatment of bee diseases is banned - otherwise kill and burn