Infections caused by fungi

Question 1

chalk brood pathogen

Answer 1

ascosphaerosis larvarum - ascosphaea apis

Question 2

when was chalk brood discovered

Answer 2

1911 - present in worldwide colonies

Question 3

is chalk brood a serious disease

Answer 3

not a serious disease

Question 4

colony treatment if infected with chalk brood

Answer 4

killed rarely healthy honey bee colonies will tolerate it quite well

Question 5

how long are chalk brood spores infective for

Answer 5

spores infective for 10-15 years

Question 6

pathogenesis of mature ascoma - chalk brood
dark brown

Answer 6

transparent ascoma walls

small spherical shaped asci

when ascoma’s rupture spores released

Question 7

what bees suffer from chalk brood

Answer 7

drone larvae

Question 8

predisposing factors of chalk brood

Answer 8

high humidity, decreased temp - early summer

small colonies more impacted

Question 9

how are spores of chalk brood spread

Answer 9

beekeeper activity

Question 10

age of larvae affected by chalk brood

Answer 10

only 3-4 day old larvae affected

Question 11

how can a bee get infected per os

Answer 11

through host gut lining

hyphae penetrate gut wall

mycelium break out

larvae die

Question 12

symptoms of chalk brood

Answer 12

head of larvae will be unaffected

no smell of dead larvae

young larvae show no signs

Question 13

colour of dead larvae infected with chalk brood

Answer 13

mummified

chalky white

dark blue grey/black

Question 14

mummies of chalk brood

Answer 14

if capped cells, shake comb - mummies will be heard rattling in the cells

Question 15

visual detection of chalk brood

Answer 15

beekeeper can diagnose based on hard shrunken chalk like mummies

Question 16

cultivation of chalk brood

Answer 16

with potato dextrose and yeast extract 30 degrees

chemical treatment of chalk brood

little effect - spores destroyed with ethylene oxide

Question 17

control of chalk brood

Answer 17

maintain strong colonies

re queen from chalkbrood free colony

discard infected combs

Question 18

zoonotic fungus

Answer 18

stone brood

Question 19

what broods does stone brood affect

Answer 19

uncapped and capped broods

larvae and adult bees

Question 20

predisposition to stone brood

Answer 20

chilly and wet climate

Question 21

most common fungus of stone brood

Answer 21

aspergillus flavus and A fumigatus which is less common

Question 22

colour of stone brood

Answer 22

yellow/ grey green

Question 23

where is stone brood found

Answer 23

in soil and cereal products - may cause resp diseases in other animals

Question 24

Infection of stone brood

Answer 24

per os by feeding

Question 25

what form on the surface of larvae in stone brood

Answer 25

conidiophores - containing spores - false skin forms within 2-3 days

Question 26

symptoms of larvae infected with chalk brood

Answer 26

white and fluffy then turn brownish green yellow and STONE HARD

Question 27

colour of A.flavus stone brood

Answer 27

yellow green

Question 28

colour of A. fumigatus stone brood

Answer 28

gray green

Question 29

colour of A.niger stone brood

Answer 29

black

Question 30

treatment of stone brood

Answer 30

no effective method

kill infected colonies and moult wax - 30 mins at 60 degrees

Question 31

biohazard risks of stone brood

Answer 31

aflatoxins are carcinogenic if inhaled or ingested