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Principles - Microbiology > Viral Infection > Flashcards

Viral Infection Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the features of a virus?

A 
Protein spikes
Protein coat (capsid)
Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Lipid envelope (not all)
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2
Q

Why is a virus’ genome small?

A

It is limited by the size of the capsid/protein coat

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3
Q

What are the types of virus structure?

A

Icosahedral symmetry

Helical symmetry

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4
Q

What is icosahedral symmetry?

A

Like a 20 sided dice

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5
Q

What kind of symmetry do adenoviruses have?

A

Icosahedral

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6
Q

What is helical symmetry?

A

Made up of a single repeated subunit in a spiral structure

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7
Q

How do non-enveloped viruses enter human cells?

A

Endocytosis

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8
Q

How do enveloped viruses enter human cells?

A

The viral and cell envelope fuse, mediated by a viral enzyme

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9
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

A viral cell enters the human cell by binding to a receptor, which initiates internalisation of both the receptor and the virus

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10
Q

What process do viruses undergo after entering the cell?

A

Uncoating

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11
Q

What can unceasing be due to?

A

The viral ion pump

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12
Q

What is uncoating?

A

The viral nucleic acid is released from the capsid

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13
Q

What is used as instructions to produce new viral proteins?

A

Nucleic acid

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14
Q

What might crystals of assembling viruses be visible by light microscope as?

A

Inclusions

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15
Q

What is assembly?

A

Nucleic acid and proteins are packaged together

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16
Q

What step is not yet targeted by antivirals?

A

Assembly

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17
Q

What are the two methods of viral release from host cells?

A

Budding

Lysis

18
Q

What is release by budding?

A

The mature replicated viral cells are released with envelopes derived from the host cell membrane

19
Q

Which type of viruses are released by lysis?

A

Non-enveloped viruses

20
Q

What is release by lysis?

A

Viruses accumulate until the virus lyses the cell and the viral cells burst out

21
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Where antibiotics are only target the pathogenic bacteria and not human cells

22
Q

What structures are targeted by antibiotics?

A

Bacterial ribosomes
Growing bacterial cell wall
Other structures and enzymes

23
Q

What are targets of antivirals?

A 
Viral nucleic acid polymerases
Other viral enzymes involved in nucleic acid replication or protein synthesis
Enzymes involved in: 
- Uncoating 
- Attachment
- Entry
- Release
24
Q

What is rational drug design?

A

The use of detailed molecular analysis of viral targets to design a molecule that might inhibit its function rather than blind testing of random molecules for antiviral properties

25
Q

Where is rational drug design not a successful strategy?

A

Bacteria

26
Q

How can antiviral resistance be analysed?

A

Genotypically

Phenotypically

27
Q

What is phenotypic analysis of antiviral resistance?

A

Grown in vitro in presence of drug

28
Q

What is genotypic analysis of antiviral resistance?

A

The phenotype is inferred from the genotype

29
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The mechanism by which the virus causes disease

30
Q

What are methods of pathogenesis?

A

Cell death due to lysis or hijacking of cell machinery
Cell death due to immune system
Cell proliferation

31
Q

How would you establish whether a newly discovered virus is a pathogen?

A

A case control study
Take a large group of people with clinical signs of infection
Take a control group similar to the other group
Compare prevalence of virus in the groups

32
Q

What may cell proliferation cause?

A

Cancer

33
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells destroy virally infected cells?

A

They recognise proteins on the cell surface as being foreign and induce apoptosis

34
Q

How do antibodies destroy virally infected cells?

A

Neutralising antibody prevents virus binding to cellular receptors

35
Q

Which classes of antibody are involved in destroying virally infected cells by neutralisation?

A

IgG

IgM

36
Q

What does it mean for a virus to become quiescent?

A

No active replication will take place

37
Q

How can recent infection be differentiated from past infection?

A

Detection of virus specific IgM antibodies
Detection of virus specific IgG antibodies
Detection of very high titre of IgG antibodies

38
Q

What may be required to differentiate recent infection and past infection?

A

Paired (acute and convalescent) blood samples

39
Q

What does convalescent mean?

A

Recovering from illness

40
Q

What methods are used for virus detection?

A

PCR

Antigen detection by various methods

41
Q

What techniques for virus detection are now less used?

A

Cell culture

Electron microscopy

Principles - Microbiology (6 decks)

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