The Nature of Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major groups of human pathogens?

A

Protozoa
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses

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2
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

What are examples of eukaryotic pathogens?

A

Protozoa

Fungi

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4
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of size?

A

Eukaryotes are generally bigger

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5
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of how complex they are?

A

Eukaryotes are complex and compartmental

Prokaryotes are relatively simple

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6
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of number of cells?

A

Eukaryotes are frequently multicellular

Prokaryotes are often single-celled

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7
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of chromosomes?

A

Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes and histones

Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome

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8
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of ribosomes?

A

Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes

Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes

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9
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of cell wall?

A

Eukaryotes have no cell wall or a flexible cell wall

Prokaryotes have a rigid cell wall

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10
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of cell cycle?

A

Eukaryotes carry out mitosis/meiosis

Prokaryotes have a rapid cell cycle

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11
Q

What does the nucleoid contain?

A

Contains the DNA and proteins

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12
Q

Does the nucleoid contain a nuclear membrane?

A

No

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13
Q

How is energy generated in bacteria?

A

Electrons are released from high energy compounds in the cytoplasm
The electrons reach the membrane and are passed through a series of electron acceptors
As a consequence protons are passed outside the membrane, producing a positive charge and a protein gradient across the membrane

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14
Q

What is another name for the cell wall of a bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan (PG)

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15
Q

What structure does a bacteria’s cell wall have?

A

Repeated polysaccharide structure

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16
Q

What is the difference between a gram positive or negative cell wall?

A

Positive - thick and multi-layered

Negative - thinner

17
Q

What is a bacteria’s cell wall the target of?

A

Penicillin

18
Q

Where is lipopolysaccharide found?

A

A component of endotoxin, along with peptidoglycan

19
Q

Which type of bacteria is lipopolysaccharide found in?

A

Gram negative

20
Q

What is lipopolysaccharide like in gram negative bacteria?

A

The outer membrane is asymmetric

The surface is nearly all lipopolysaccharide

21
Q

What is the function of lipopolysaccharide?

A

Plays a structural role

Is an antigen and bacterial toxin

22
Q

What type of bacteria are flagella and fimbriae found in?

A

Gram positive and negative

23
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

An appendage found on bacteria that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum

24
Q

What are the factors required for prokaryotic growth?

A

C, O, H, N
Trace other elements
Vitamins

25
Q

What temperature do mesophiles require for prokaryotic growth?

A

Body temperature

26
Q

What pH is preferred for prokaryotic growth?

A

neutral (6.8 - 7.2)

27
Q

What factors affect prokaryotic growth?

A
Food
Temperature
pH
Osmotic protection
Oxygen
28
Q

What stages (in order) does a bacterial growth curve have?

A

Log phase
Exponential phase
Stationary phase
Decline phase

29
Q

What is multicellularity?

A

Colony development and differentiation