The Nature of Infection

Question 1

What are the major groups of human pathogens?

Answer 1

Protozoa
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses

Question 2

Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 2

Prokaryotes

Question 3

What are examples of eukaryotic pathogens?

Answer 3

Protozoa

Fungi

Question 4

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of size?

Answer 4

Eukaryotes are generally bigger

Question 5

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of how complex they are?

Answer 5

Eukaryotes are complex and compartmental

Prokaryotes are relatively simple

Question 6

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of number of cells?

Answer 6

Eukaryotes are frequently multicellular

Prokaryotes are often single-celled

Question 7

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of chromosomes?

Answer 7

Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes and histones

Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome

Question 8

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of ribosomes?

Answer 8

Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes

Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes

Question 9

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of cell wall?

Answer 9

Eukaryotes have no cell wall or a flexible cell wall

Prokaryotes have a rigid cell wall

Question 10

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of cell cycle?

Answer 10

Eukaryotes carry out mitosis/meiosis

Prokaryotes have a rapid cell cycle

Question 11

What does the nucleoid contain?

Answer 11

Contains the DNA and proteins

Question 12

Does the nucleoid contain a nuclear membrane?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

How is energy generated in bacteria?

Answer 13

Electrons are released from high energy compounds in the cytoplasm
The electrons reach the membrane and are passed through a series of electron acceptors
As a consequence protons are passed outside the membrane, producing a positive charge and a protein gradient across the membrane

Question 14

What is another name for the cell wall of a bacteria?

Answer 14

Peptidoglycan (PG)

Question 15

What structure does a bacteria’s cell wall have?

Answer 15

Repeated polysaccharide structure

Question 16

What is the difference between a gram positive or negative cell wall?

Answer 16

Positive - thick and multi-layered

Negative - thinner

Question 17

What is a bacteria’s cell wall the target of?

Answer 17

Penicillin

Question 18

Where is lipopolysaccharide found?

Answer 18

A component of endotoxin, along with peptidoglycan

Question 19

Which type of bacteria is lipopolysaccharide found in?

Answer 19

Gram negative

Question 20

What is lipopolysaccharide like in gram negative bacteria?

Answer 20

The outer membrane is asymmetric

The surface is nearly all lipopolysaccharide

Question 21

What is the function of lipopolysaccharide?

Answer 21

Plays a structural role

Is an antigen and bacterial toxin

Question 22

What type of bacteria are flagella and fimbriae found in?

Answer 22

Gram positive and negative

Question 23

What are fimbriae?

Answer 23

An appendage found on bacteria that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum

Question 24

What are the factors required for prokaryotic growth?

Answer 24

C, O, H, N
Trace other elements
Vitamins

Question 25

What temperature do mesophiles require for prokaryotic growth?

Answer 25

Body temperature

Question 26

What pH is preferred for prokaryotic growth?

Answer 26

neutral (6.8 - 7.2)

Question 27

What factors affect prokaryotic growth?

Answer 27

``` Food Temperature pH Osmotic protection Oxygen ```

Question 28

What stages (in order) does a bacterial growth curve have?

Answer 28

Log phase Exponential phase Stationary phase Decline phase

Question 29

What is multicellularity?

Answer 29

Colony development and differentiation